网易辽宁沈阳网友 [6B] 的原贴： 1
爆破花钱多 效果差 建议用上海的先进经验：
1 紧贴楼北侧，内堆一座高10米左右的土坡；
2 与此同时，紧邻大楼南侧的地基挖深度4.6米的壕沟，
大楼两侧的压力差会使土体产生水平位移，水平力超过了桩基的抗侧能力，直接就能让楼倾倒……
2009年12月30日星期三
2009年12月27日星期日
话题：曹操墓在河南获考古确认 或藏其遗骨(组图)
网易浙江温州网友 [子，曰]： [加关注]2009-12-28 09:18:58 发表
网易河北石家庄网友 [月供] 的原贴： 1
刘备发来贺电
网易广东湛江网友(121.10.*.*)的原贴： 2
孙权发来贺电！
网易广东梅州网友 [1635551631] 的原贴： 3
司马懿发来贺电！
网易黑龙江哈尔滨网友(221.207.*.*)的原贴： 4
华佗和孔融联名发来贺电
网易湖南邵阳网友 [打折的缘分] 的原贴： 5
诸葛亮发来贺电!
网易内蒙古兴安盟网友 [快乐中年] 的原贴： 6
周瑜发来贺电！
网易福建福州网友(125.77.*.*)的原贴： 7
小乔发来贺电
网易江苏网友 [枰之小乾] 的原贴： 8
曹丕发来贺电！
网易江苏南通网友(122.89.*.*)的原贴： 9
丕儿，汝乃孽畜也，砖家挖尔父之坟，汝竟如此大悦！寡人悔传位与汝甚矣！
网易广东网友 [zh2009998] 的原贴： 10
黄盖发来贺电
网易火星网友(unknown)的原贴： 11
曹植发来贺电。
网易山东烟台网友 [menxiaofeng8] 的原贴： 12
哥伦布发来贺电
网易上海徐汇网友(116.232.*.*)的原贴： 13
貂禅发来祸电
网易浙江温州网友 [yangkun0715@126.com] 的原贴： 14
吕布发来贺电！
网易山东青岛网友 [wuchao_subze] 的原贴： 15
张飞发来贺电
网易北京朝阳网友(125.34.*.*)的原贴： 16
曹操发来贺电
网易山西太原网友 [娜娜爷爷] 的原贴： 17
司马懿发来贺电，诛杀曹氏，吾等共举之- -
网易天津南开网友(60.26.*.*)的原贴： 18
庞统发来贺电
网易辽宁网友(119.51.*.*)的原贴： 19
张辽发来贺电
徐晃发来贺电···
网易河北石家庄网友 [月供] 的原贴： 1
刘备发来贺电
网易广东湛江网友(121.10.*.*)的原贴： 2
孙权发来贺电！
网易广东梅州网友 [1635551631] 的原贴： 3
司马懿发来贺电！
网易黑龙江哈尔滨网友(221.207.*.*)的原贴： 4
华佗和孔融联名发来贺电
网易湖南邵阳网友 [打折的缘分] 的原贴： 5
诸葛亮发来贺电!
网易内蒙古兴安盟网友 [快乐中年] 的原贴： 6
周瑜发来贺电！
网易福建福州网友(125.77.*.*)的原贴： 7
小乔发来贺电
网易江苏网友 [枰之小乾] 的原贴： 8
曹丕发来贺电！
网易江苏南通网友(122.89.*.*)的原贴： 9
丕儿，汝乃孽畜也，砖家挖尔父之坟，汝竟如此大悦！寡人悔传位与汝甚矣！
网易广东网友 [zh2009998] 的原贴： 10
黄盖发来贺电
网易火星网友(unknown)的原贴： 11
曹植发来贺电。
网易山东烟台网友 [menxiaofeng8] 的原贴： 12
哥伦布发来贺电
网易上海徐汇网友(116.232.*.*)的原贴： 13
貂禅发来祸电
网易浙江温州网友 [yangkun0715@126.com] 的原贴： 14
吕布发来贺电！
网易山东青岛网友 [wuchao_subze] 的原贴： 15
张飞发来贺电
网易北京朝阳网友(125.34.*.*)的原贴： 16
曹操发来贺电
网易山西太原网友 [娜娜爷爷] 的原贴： 17
司马懿发来贺电，诛杀曹氏，吾等共举之- -
网易天津南开网友(60.26.*.*)的原贴： 18
庞统发来贺电
网易辽宁网友(119.51.*.*)的原贴： 19
张辽发来贺电
徐晃发来贺电···
2009年11月15日星期日
RepastCity - A demo virtual city
Author: Nick Malleson
Background
I've written a small Repast Simphony program which demonstrates how to create a virtual city and move some agents around a road network. I'm using this type of model for my PhD (an agent-based model of crime/burglar) and hopefully this program will be useful for anyone who needs to be able to move agents around a city.
If you're new to Repast Simphony you should do some tutorials first otherwise the code won't mean anything to you. You could try my tutorial or do some of the ones on the Repast website. Repast Simphony has quite a steep learning curve but is well worth learning if you need to build agent-based models, it's an excellent tool.
There is some background information about how the program works on my research blog. I'm also writing a working paper which should explain it better but haven't finished that yet.
Referencing and Editing
The code is released under the GNU General Public Licence so you're welcome to use the code however you would like to but please put a reference to me ( Nick Malleson) or to this page somewhere. When I finish my working paper you could use that instead.
If you improve or extend the code please let me know and I'll update it on this site. This is my first attempt at building a virtual city and so there will be lots of places where it can be improved (particularly with regards to efficiency, I think the routing algorithm is very slow).
The Program
The program is available as a single compressed file which contains the entire Eclipse project: Repast City Project. Download this file and extract it to a temporary directory.
To run the program you need to download Repast Simphony version 1.1 (it comes bundled with the Eclipse development environment) and then follow these instructions:
Start Repast (Eclipse)
Go to File -> Import
Then under 'General' select 'Existing Projects Into Workspace'.
Next to 'Select root directory' click on browse and select the extracted project.
Then click on 'Finish'. If you left the 'copy projects into workspace' box ticked you can now delete the zip file and the extracted directory because all the code will be copied into your Eclipse workspace.
Finally click on the 'Run' button (green) at the top of Eclipse and select 'Run RepastCity Model'. (If there is not option to run the model try closing the project and then re-opening it).
The only other thing you need to do is create a display so you can see the agents and the city (if you're not sure how to create displays do a tutorial first). Here's briefly how to create one:
When you have started the model scroll down in the scenario tree box until you can see the 'PersonContext' entry. Under that there should be a 'Displays' menu and a 'Person Display' under that.
Delete the person display and create a new one.
When you get to change how the SimplePerson agents are displayed click on the '+' button. Now you can add the shapefiles which represent the city (houses.shp and roads.shp, they are stored in the eclipse_workspace/RepastCity/repast_city_data/shape directory).
Finally, when I add agents or shapefiles to a display I always edit their style (maybe just change their colour slightly) because otherwise Simphony sometimes throws an exception.
That's it! There is a picture below which shows what the program should look like. I''ve also made a video of the simulation running.
I hope the code is useful. If you have any questions my email address is on my School of Geography webpage or even better try the Repast mailing list .
Changes (updated versions of the program)
These updated versions are not necessarily easier to understand so they might not be appropriate for people who just want to get an idea about how to build this sort of program themselves. Have a look at the comments to see if it's better for you to download one of these versions rather than the original.
RepastCity1.1.
I have made the routing algorithm more efficient by caching certain things like the closest road coordinate to each house. It runs much faster and has fixed an occasional bug where agents get stuck on one of the houses but the code is probably harder to understand.
隔壁的中国
版权声明：转载时请以超链接形式标明文章原始出处和作者信息及本声明
http://zhulinzhao.blogbus.com/logs/51433412.html
（原载于第59期我爱摇滚乐 照片来自杜斌的《上访者》）
当你翻到本页的时，相信你的眼光一定会在这里长久停留。这里的人你一定见过，当你急匆匆走过地下铁的通道，当你在某个政府办公楼去办事，也许某个角落就有他们的身影。体内在你不经意的余光里，在你匆匆的惊诧里。
他们是长久哀怨、悲愤的一群人，他们因某一意外而改变了人生轨迹，奔波于故乡和大都市，顽强地追逐一个说法、一个公正的梦想。他们是固执而又乐观的人群，他们日复一日地失望，年复一年地坚持，始终坚守着我们民族几千年来对“青天”和“人间自有公道”的一线信仰。
也许10年后，或者20年后，他们将悄悄从我们身边消失，然后，不在历史中留下任何痕迹，甚至有一天，我们不会记得还存在“上访”这个词。
历史永远是主流人群的记忆。而上访者无疑是这个社会最彻底的失败者，他们踏上漫漫路，便被从泥土中连根拔起，他们辗转于陌生的城市，在命运的泥水中被抽打。苦难、委屈和仇恨是他们的动力，而韧性往往只是增加他们的挫败和悲苦。
每个在肉体和精神的苦难中挣扎的上访者，都不会参与历史的叙事，他们的故事和心愿无法形诸文字进入我们的视野，不会成为文献进入历史。虽然，他们对任何愿意倾听的人絮絮叨叨，对任何表示同情的人都寄以无限信任。
可我们很忙。
我们需要知道每个成功者的艰辛与光荣，我们需要关心每个公众人物的怪癖和爱好，在一个渴望成功的年代，我们热烈的关心的一切，历史最终都会慷慨地预留足够的篇幅。如果有一天，我们忘记了上访者这个群体的存在，也许真就意味着他们不曾在世界上存在过。
他们离我们很远，与我们的生活没有交集，看到这一页的每个读者，直系亲属应该都不会有上访者吧。他们离我们很近，我们每个人的故乡都有这样的人在上路，我们生活的每个城市都不难看到他们的身影。我们打拼奋斗在中国的光明处，他们挣扎在时代的溃疡里。
有人说，他们是中国高速成长背后的代价与牺牲。但并非所有世界的成长背后都有这样的一群人，都需要付出这样的代价和牺牲。
但 愿若干年后，我们的国家不会再有这样一个特殊部落。如果历史要为中国今天的辉煌成就保留若干辛酸的细节做小小的注脚，也许我们该感谢杜斌这样的人，这位供 职于《纽约时报》的记者，几年来一直用镜头跟随上访者，留下他们的影像，记录了一个与我们平行的世界——他们与幸福、安宁、甜蜜、成功、美满无缘，他们与 中国经济高速增长带来的繁荣与富强无关，他们生活在一个我们陌生的世界，我们隔壁的中国。
“我是个冤死鬼。”
时间：2002年12月2日
地点：黑龙江省哈尔滨市街头
上／访者：黑龙江省伊春市44岁的教师张永印
他哭诉警察霸占了妻子，打残了他的双腿。上／访抗议时，他就穿上自己缝制像鬼穿的白衣，上面写着他在人间的屈辱。
183次托生为人
时间：2002年4月
地点：北京村
上访者：孙传明，81岁
因儿子在1983年的“严打”中被处决，认为儿子被冤杀的孙传明20年来京上访183次，先后被北京一个信访办强制收容152次。滞留北京时间最久、上／访村资历最老的他说，“官司打不赢，北京就是我的娘胎。”
“请你帮我跟美国政府要一个USA国籍”
时间：2006年6月16日夜
地点；北京上／访村
上／访者：刘藩恩（左三），68岁。
42年前他退伍回乡时发现户籍被人顶替，1991年他的父亲在为他上／访途中被杀害。探访他的是两届普利策奖得主、《纽约时报》专栏作家Nicholas D. Kristof
陈光诚和他的盲人兄弟
时间：2002年8月2日
地点：山东省临沂市沂南县农村
32岁的盲人代表陈光诚（戴墨镜者）以及一群农民残疾人。
“见谁都想跪”
时间:2003年4月
地点:北京市朝阳区一家报社门前
上访者：甘肃省下河清农场吴秀英。
56岁的寡妇吴秀英生来几乎就是给人练手用的“靶子”。20年的上访史，是饱受毒打、收容、遣送、拘留、扣押、刑求、罚款和性骚扰的屈 辱史。吴的胸、肋骨折断过若干次后“有些拽不起身子”；她的膝盖下跪过若干回后“见谁都想跪”。在拍摄此照片前她刚刚在最高法院门前遭打。
盐腌的证据
时间：2002年12月1日
地点：黑龙江省伊春市某山林
5年来，清洁工于振洋（右一）每周都要若干次到山林中妻子尸体秘密的掩埋处撒食盐和浇盐水。他的妻子在1987年被警察传讯后死在离派出所15米远的男厕所坑池里。法医称是自杀溺死。因为妻子尸体上多处伤痕，于怀疑妻子是被谋杀。
于振洋以食盐将妻子的尸体腌着，悄悄埋到山林内作为证据储存。“即使我到死，我知道，我的儿子将继续上／访的责任，”他说，“直到他也死。”
国家赔偿
时间：2002年4月
地点：北京村
上／访者：孙偕文
1982年以来，他惟一收获，是在上访中捡来老婆和3个孩子。“老婆和孩子跟摆在屋前这排鞋子一样，都从垃圾堆里捡来，”他说，国家对他还算不薄。“好像是国家对我冤狱多年的赔偿。”
两对父子
时间：2002年11月
地点：北京村
上／访者：李伟（左），于泉（右）
他们都来自黑龙江省铁力市，因为各自不同遭遇，这两对父子在北京上访村相遇。
一个人的冤墙
时间：2004年1月 地点:北京最高法院信访办 上访者：无名、无年龄 来自地区：四川省南充市
上访的终点
北京上访村上访者墓地
他们一次次往返于故乡与北京之间，虽然他们的愿望未能实现，但这一次，他们终于不用再奔波，可以停下来永远休息。
作者简介：
杜斌，生于1972年。先在中国传媒做摄影记者，后为自由职业摄影师。曾在美国《纽约时报》（New York Times）、《时代》（TIME）杂志、英国《卫报》（The Guardian）、德国《明星》（Stern）杂志等知名媒体发表新闻图片。现为《纽约时报》签约摄影师，供职于《纽约时报》北京分社。
http://zhulinzhao.blogbus.com/logs/51433412.html
（原载于第59期我爱摇滚乐 照片来自杜斌的《上访者》）
当你翻到本页的时，相信你的眼光一定会在这里长久停留。这里的人你一定见过，当你急匆匆走过地下铁的通道，当你在某个政府办公楼去办事，也许某个角落就有他们的身影。体内在你不经意的余光里，在你匆匆的惊诧里。
他们是长久哀怨、悲愤的一群人，他们因某一意外而改变了人生轨迹，奔波于故乡和大都市，顽强地追逐一个说法、一个公正的梦想。他们是固执而又乐观的人群，他们日复一日地失望，年复一年地坚持，始终坚守着我们民族几千年来对“青天”和“人间自有公道”的一线信仰。
也许10年后，或者20年后，他们将悄悄从我们身边消失，然后，不在历史中留下任何痕迹，甚至有一天，我们不会记得还存在“上访”这个词。
历史永远是主流人群的记忆。而上访者无疑是这个社会最彻底的失败者，他们踏上漫漫路，便被从泥土中连根拔起，他们辗转于陌生的城市，在命运的泥水中被抽打。苦难、委屈和仇恨是他们的动力，而韧性往往只是增加他们的挫败和悲苦。
每个在肉体和精神的苦难中挣扎的上访者，都不会参与历史的叙事，他们的故事和心愿无法形诸文字进入我们的视野，不会成为文献进入历史。虽然，他们对任何愿意倾听的人絮絮叨叨，对任何表示同情的人都寄以无限信任。
可我们很忙。
我们需要知道每个成功者的艰辛与光荣，我们需要关心每个公众人物的怪癖和爱好，在一个渴望成功的年代，我们热烈的关心的一切，历史最终都会慷慨地预留足够的篇幅。如果有一天，我们忘记了上访者这个群体的存在，也许真就意味着他们不曾在世界上存在过。
他们离我们很远，与我们的生活没有交集，看到这一页的每个读者，直系亲属应该都不会有上访者吧。他们离我们很近，我们每个人的故乡都有这样的人在上路，我们生活的每个城市都不难看到他们的身影。我们打拼奋斗在中国的光明处，他们挣扎在时代的溃疡里。
有人说，他们是中国高速成长背后的代价与牺牲。但并非所有世界的成长背后都有这样的一群人，都需要付出这样的代价和牺牲。
但 愿若干年后，我们的国家不会再有这样一个特殊部落。如果历史要为中国今天的辉煌成就保留若干辛酸的细节做小小的注脚，也许我们该感谢杜斌这样的人，这位供 职于《纽约时报》的记者，几年来一直用镜头跟随上访者，留下他们的影像，记录了一个与我们平行的世界——他们与幸福、安宁、甜蜜、成功、美满无缘，他们与 中国经济高速增长带来的繁荣与富强无关，他们生活在一个我们陌生的世界，我们隔壁的中国。
“我是个冤死鬼。”
时间：2002年12月2日
地点：黑龙江省哈尔滨市街头
上／访者：黑龙江省伊春市44岁的教师张永印
他哭诉警察霸占了妻子，打残了他的双腿。上／访抗议时，他就穿上自己缝制像鬼穿的白衣，上面写着他在人间的屈辱。
183次托生为人
时间：2002年4月
地点：北京村
上访者：孙传明，81岁
因儿子在1983年的“严打”中被处决，认为儿子被冤杀的孙传明20年来京上访183次，先后被北京一个信访办强制收容152次。滞留北京时间最久、上／访村资历最老的他说，“官司打不赢，北京就是我的娘胎。”
“请你帮我跟美国政府要一个USA国籍”
时间：2006年6月16日夜
地点；北京上／访村
上／访者：刘藩恩（左三），68岁。
42年前他退伍回乡时发现户籍被人顶替，1991年他的父亲在为他上／访途中被杀害。探访他的是两届普利策奖得主、《纽约时报》专栏作家Nicholas D. Kristof
陈光诚和他的盲人兄弟
时间：2002年8月2日
地点：山东省临沂市沂南县农村
32岁的盲人代表陈光诚（戴墨镜者）以及一群农民残疾人。
“见谁都想跪”
时间:2003年4月
地点:北京市朝阳区一家报社门前
上访者：甘肃省下河清农场吴秀英。
56岁的寡妇吴秀英生来几乎就是给人练手用的“靶子”。20年的上访史，是饱受毒打、收容、遣送、拘留、扣押、刑求、罚款和性骚扰的屈 辱史。吴的胸、肋骨折断过若干次后“有些拽不起身子”；她的膝盖下跪过若干回后“见谁都想跪”。在拍摄此照片前她刚刚在最高法院门前遭打。
盐腌的证据
时间：2002年12月1日
地点：黑龙江省伊春市某山林
5年来，清洁工于振洋（右一）每周都要若干次到山林中妻子尸体秘密的掩埋处撒食盐和浇盐水。他的妻子在1987年被警察传讯后死在离派出所15米远的男厕所坑池里。法医称是自杀溺死。因为妻子尸体上多处伤痕，于怀疑妻子是被谋杀。
于振洋以食盐将妻子的尸体腌着，悄悄埋到山林内作为证据储存。“即使我到死，我知道，我的儿子将继续上／访的责任，”他说，“直到他也死。”
国家赔偿
时间：2002年4月
地点：北京村
上／访者：孙偕文
1982年以来，他惟一收获，是在上访中捡来老婆和3个孩子。“老婆和孩子跟摆在屋前这排鞋子一样，都从垃圾堆里捡来，”他说，国家对他还算不薄。“好像是国家对我冤狱多年的赔偿。”
两对父子
时间：2002年11月
地点：北京村
上／访者：李伟（左），于泉（右）
他们都来自黑龙江省铁力市，因为各自不同遭遇，这两对父子在北京上访村相遇。
一个人的冤墙
时间：2004年1月 地点:北京最高法院信访办 上访者：无名、无年龄 来自地区：四川省南充市
上访的终点
北京上访村上访者墓地
他们一次次往返于故乡与北京之间，虽然他们的愿望未能实现，但这一次，他们终于不用再奔波，可以停下来永远休息。
作者简介：
杜斌，生于1972年。先在中国传媒做摄影记者，后为自由职业摄影师。曾在美国《纽约时报》（New York Times）、《时代》（TIME）杂志、英国《卫报》（The Guardian）、德国《明星》（Stern）杂志等知名媒体发表新闻图片。现为《纽约时报》签约摄影师，供职于《纽约时报》北京分社。
2009年11月5日星期四
Radar Reveals Dynamic World Under Antarctica's Ice
by JON HAMILTON
LIMA/NASA
This satellite image shows the region surrounding Mount Erebus and the McMurdo Station research center, as well as Antarctica's Dry Valleys on the right.
text sizeAAANovember 4, 2009
A NASA DC-8 plane equipped with lasers, ice-penetrating radar, and a gravity meter is revealing a dynamic and complex world beneath the massive ice sheet that covers Antarctica.
The plane is flying over Antarctica for six weeks as part of a mission to use airplanes to replace a dying NASA satellite that's been monitoring polar ice.
But the stopgap measure is providing a major scientific bonus: The DC-8 flies just 1,500 feet above the ice and carries instruments that let scientists see right through the ice.
"It's going to change the way that we look at Antarctica," says Thomas Wagner, a NASA Cryosphere Program scientist.
The Antarctic ice sheet covers an area larger than Europe. In places, it's miles thick. If the sheet ever melts, sea level will rise by dozens of feet.
Beneath The Ice
Scientists have known for years that there are volcanoes, mountains, rivers and lakes beneath the ice. But they haven't known many details about these things.
The NASA flights offer a way to learn a great deal more, says William Krabill, a member of the NASA team flying on the DC-8. For example, the plane carries a special radar that lets scientists study the topography of the land beneath the ice sheet, he says. Another instrument detects tiny changes in gravity fields and can reveal liquid water beneath the ice.
The flights are letting scientists burrow down through the layers of ice to see rivers and lakes and the valleys carved by moving glaciers, Krabill says, like "peeling an onion."
And scientists have already found some really surprising stuff happening inside the ice itself:
EnlargeAlison Criscitiello
Antarctica is almost completely covered by ice sheets, which are more than a mile thick on average, and nearly 3 miles thick in places. New data from the plane flyovers is helping scientists learn about the landscape buried below the sheets of ice.
"There are these lakes that form and they literally seem to pop and deflate," Wagner says. "We just learned about this literally in the last couple of years, and we're finding new ones all the time."
If the water in those lakes gets under the ice, it could act as a lubricant and speed up a glacier's movement toward the ocean. That could speed up sea-level rise, scientists say.
For the same reason, scientists are curious about something going on at the place where glacial ice is carving a channel through dirt and rock, Wagner says.
"One of the most important unknowns right now is what is the shape of the bed under the ice," he says. "You need to know that in a very, very precise way to make models that accurately reproduce ice flow."
Seeing Through Ice With Radar
Much of that information is coming from special radars on the DC-8 that produce images in vivid colors on a computer monitor as the plane flies over a targeted area. The images provide a rough sketch of the bed beneath the ice, says Chris Allen from the University of Kansas, who is in charge of the radars.
The radar data will be refined in the coming months, and then combined with information from the lasers and the gravity meter to create a more complete picture of an Antarctica that's been hidden for millions of years.
"We are looking at structures like you see along the coast of Norway, these kinds of deep fiords," says Michael Studinger of Columbia University, who runs the gravity meter.
Right now, these Antarctic fiords are filled with ice, Studinger says. But global warming could eventually change that.
LIMA/NASA
This satellite image shows the region surrounding Mount Erebus and the McMurdo Station research center, as well as Antarctica's Dry Valleys on the right.
text sizeAAANovember 4, 2009
A NASA DC-8 plane equipped with lasers, ice-penetrating radar, and a gravity meter is revealing a dynamic and complex world beneath the massive ice sheet that covers Antarctica.
The plane is flying over Antarctica for six weeks as part of a mission to use airplanes to replace a dying NASA satellite that's been monitoring polar ice.
But the stopgap measure is providing a major scientific bonus: The DC-8 flies just 1,500 feet above the ice and carries instruments that let scientists see right through the ice.
"It's going to change the way that we look at Antarctica," says Thomas Wagner, a NASA Cryosphere Program scientist.
The Antarctic ice sheet covers an area larger than Europe. In places, it's miles thick. If the sheet ever melts, sea level will rise by dozens of feet.
Beneath The Ice
Scientists have known for years that there are volcanoes, mountains, rivers and lakes beneath the ice. But they haven't known many details about these things.
The NASA flights offer a way to learn a great deal more, says William Krabill, a member of the NASA team flying on the DC-8. For example, the plane carries a special radar that lets scientists study the topography of the land beneath the ice sheet, he says. Another instrument detects tiny changes in gravity fields and can reveal liquid water beneath the ice.
The flights are letting scientists burrow down through the layers of ice to see rivers and lakes and the valleys carved by moving glaciers, Krabill says, like "peeling an onion."
And scientists have already found some really surprising stuff happening inside the ice itself:
EnlargeAlison Criscitiello
Antarctica is almost completely covered by ice sheets, which are more than a mile thick on average, and nearly 3 miles thick in places. New data from the plane flyovers is helping scientists learn about the landscape buried below the sheets of ice.
"There are these lakes that form and they literally seem to pop and deflate," Wagner says. "We just learned about this literally in the last couple of years, and we're finding new ones all the time."
If the water in those lakes gets under the ice, it could act as a lubricant and speed up a glacier's movement toward the ocean. That could speed up sea-level rise, scientists say.
For the same reason, scientists are curious about something going on at the place where glacial ice is carving a channel through dirt and rock, Wagner says.
"One of the most important unknowns right now is what is the shape of the bed under the ice," he says. "You need to know that in a very, very precise way to make models that accurately reproduce ice flow."
Seeing Through Ice With Radar
Much of that information is coming from special radars on the DC-8 that produce images in vivid colors on a computer monitor as the plane flies over a targeted area. The images provide a rough sketch of the bed beneath the ice, says Chris Allen from the University of Kansas, who is in charge of the radars.
The radar data will be refined in the coming months, and then combined with information from the lasers and the gravity meter to create a more complete picture of an Antarctica that's been hidden for millions of years.
"We are looking at structures like you see along the coast of Norway, these kinds of deep fiords," says Michael Studinger of Columbia University, who runs the gravity meter.
Right now, these Antarctic fiords are filled with ice, Studinger says. But global warming could eventually change that.
2009年11月4日星期三
话题：张版《西游》官方剧照首曝光 唐僧牵手女儿国王[查看原文]
网易北京网友[我的大爷啊！] ip：219.142.*.*： 2009-10-30 15:17:20 发表
网易安徽合肥网友 [jiky_vip] 的原贴： 1
唐僧：悟空，你变成套套吧，今天为师要亲自收拾这个女妖精。
唐僧：悟空，你变成伟哥吧，今天为师要亲自收拾这个女妖精，直到她求饶。
唐僧：今天好无聊……悟空……你变成女妖精吧……
唐僧：悟空，为师已经厌倦这种生活了……你把我变成女妖精吧
唐僧：悟空，你今天变成为师吧！
唐僧：悟空，你今天不用变了…
网易上海黄浦网友 [xiaofeng5742] 的原贴： 2
牛人
网易浙江杭州网友 [wanruogang] 的原贴： 3
haha
网易广东广州天河网友[1](218.19.*.*) 的原贴： 4
太有内涵了
网易广东东莞网友 [深圳牌冇number] 的原贴： 5
惨了!!我还是太纯真的!1点都不明白...哎....顺便问一下为什么不变芙蓉JJ...
网易上海网友 [vv] 的原贴： 6
1楼强淫！！
网易广东汕尾网友 [跟帖，为何淫才多] 的原贴： 7
他妈的，我也看不懂1L的弦外之音，哪个淫才可以详解一下么？
网易江西南昌网友 [yunpeng012] 的原贴： 8
1L应该是讲唐僧口味一步一步变重？越来越BT
网易江苏淮安网友[某人0363](222.184.*.*) 的原贴： 9
这是一篇魔幻现实主义的巨作
我觉得应该包括三个层次：1-3行一层，4、5行一层，6行一层
第一层是讲唐僧性的需要和饥渴
第二层是讲需要得不到满足后心里的纠结，进而对现实的怀疑与反叛
第三层是讲最终对现实的无奈顺应，唐僧也就成了唐僧。
这里的性和唐僧都只是符号，也可以说，我们每个人都是唐僧，唐僧是我们每个人
网易河南安阳网友[hsplc](222.88.*.*) 的原贴： 10
楼上是是大学博士后吧
网易广东广州天河网友 [xiazengjia.c] 的原贴： 11
爱因斯坦得来学习下
网易北京网友 [mo.mokz] 的原贴： 12
厉害
网易江苏无锡网友(121.235.*.*) 的原贴： 13
果然，术业有专攻~强啊，今届的状元酒你了~~
网易火星网友 [ab1982711] 的原贴： 14
好，很好很强大！
已阅。
网易陕西西安网友 [hull008] 的原贴： 15
九楼真乃牛人也！
网易火星网友[最高70楼](unknown) 的原贴： 16
我喜欢这个蝎子精啊
网易江苏苏州网友 [阿狗0937] 的原贴： 17
九楼,人才啊，比那些专家强多了:)
网易安徽宿州网友[ztbg](60.173.*.*) 的原贴： 18
本人见解：第一曾唐僧饥渴，想ml，第二层进一步想提高质量，第三层口味变粗，第四层和第五层想搞个角色互换，第六曾直接赤裸的想来人兽
网易浙江杭州网友 [22698488] 的原贴： 19
楼上港的 才对!
网易火星网友 [justcom] 的原贴： 20
1L的观点可以引用于人生的任何一个层面。就像八卦中的六爻，从主动到被动再到主动。实为高人。
第一层：冒进但又有所忌惮。象征为事情的初始、幼年。
第二层：激进而意志坚定。象征为人生的抱负，少年。
第三层：目的地深远而百无聊赖。象征为抱负的遥远，人生的索味。青年
第四层：厌倦，又想有所突破。象征为不甘于沉寂，欲求变。中年
第五层：失望，而变成自责。象征为目标未成，感慨人生。老年。
第六层：坦然，而不再苛求。象征事已定型，人已逢棺。暮年。
网易河南郑州网友 [zhoushikun] 的原贴： 21
人才
网易广东深圳网友 [wkvxia] 的原贴： 22
这天碰到的油菜花最多
网易北京网友 [怪男难怪] 的原贴： 23
人有三魂七魄，三魂指：天魂、地魂、人魂；七魄是指：一魄喜、二魄怒、三魄哀、四魄惧、五魄爱、六魄恶、七魄欲。楼主所说的是指人性七魄！第1层，即是唐僧遇到PP的女妖精，喜，于是……；第2层，唐僧第一次萎了，怒，于是……；第3层，由于唐僧服用之后，功力大增，把妖精收拾死了，哀，于是……；第4层，由于长时间猴子变妖精，担心精亡而竭，惧，于是……；第5层，由于长时间和别性，不如和自己，爱，于是……；第6层，人道暮年，还有许多愿望没实现，比如和动物，顿生邪念，恶，于是……；终究是只有6层啊，还有1层就七级浮屠了，看来唐僧的修为终究是赶不上如来佛祖啊！第7层是：把JJ埋在土里，然后QJ整个地球！
网易浙江台州网友 [abc7444885] 的原贴： 24
LS这不成了地震了
网易欧洲网友 [hfwdjlive] 的原贴： 25
1楼和23楼最强！
网易浙江杭州网友 [偶不是狮子座] 的原贴： 26
自古WY出人才！！
网易浙江台州网友 [小烂头] 的原贴： 27
一人淫过一人啊
网易江苏淮安网友 [夜不能寐の君] 的原贴： 28
分析的头头是道
网易广东深圳网友 [xuguang707] 的原贴： 29
学习,加强学习!
WY太多的高人...
网易上海网友 [red_line] 的原贴： 30
日了 此贴牛人居多啊
网易浙江台州网友 [kcaijinru] 的原贴： 31
学习中
网易河北唐山网友 [娜娜] 的原贴： 32
好多牛人
网易陕西西安网友[32131](117.36.*.*) 的原贴： 33
牛人太多，你们平时玩股票吗？
网易浙江杭州网友 [zbing0203] 的原贴： 34
好多牛人
网易浙江衢州网友 [maml1949] 的原贴： 35
张纪中，炒得比拍得好！
网易广西河池网友 [劝妓从良] 的原贴： 36
口味越来越重了啊师父
网易山东网友[20102地](123.129.*.*) 的原贴： 37
修炼的境界也在慢慢提升么 好兆头
网易江苏徐州网友 [hbds] 的原贴： 38
我也来卖弄下(人生):
第一层：梦回剑指天边月，酒纵歌狂年少词
第二层：敢于世上放开眼，不向人间浪皱眉
第三层：幸生太平无事日，恐逢年老不多时
第四层：顶天立地奇男子，要把乾坤扭过来
第五层：人生到处知何似，应是飞鸿踏雪泥
第六层：本来无一物，何处惹尘埃
网易江苏徐州网友 [hbds] 的原贴： 39
吾再来卖弄下(性事):
第一层：春色恼人眠不得，月移花影上栏杆（少年懵懂）
第二层：春宵一刻值千金，花有清香月有阴（青春激情）
第三层：紫凤放娇含楚佩，赤鳞狂舞拨湘弦（沉醉放纵）
第四层：天生一个仙人洞，无限风光在险峰（寻求刺激）
第五层：王孙莫做多清客，自古多情损少年（后悔自责）
第六层：服药不如独自眠，从她别后一少年（终得大道）
网易上海闵行网友[ww](220.232.*.*) 的原贴： 40
哈哈^_^，好像大家都把第6句理解错了。
其实还有第7句：悟空，你把八戒叫来。
大家意会吧~~
网易广东云浮网友 [longda_1983] 的原贴： 41
唐僧：悟空，你变成套套吧，今天为师要亲自收拾这个女妖精。
唐僧：悟空，你变成伟哥吧，今天为师要亲自收拾这个女妖精，直到她求饶。
唐僧：今天好无聊……悟空……你变成女妖精吧……
唐僧：悟空，为师已经厌倦这种生活了……你把我变成女妖精吧
唐僧：悟空，你今天变成为师吧！
唐僧：悟空，你今天不用变了…
唐僧：悟空，你今天把为师变成你吧
唐僧：悟空，你把八戒叫来吧
网易宁夏网友[oooomg](119.60.*.*) 的原贴： 42
路过，学习
网易广东惠州网友 [zhiyun198689] 的原贴： 43
膜拜牛人
网易河北唐山网友 [jimxu1983] 的原贴： 44
唐僧:悟空,他们来了吧......
唐僧:悟空,白马来了吧!
唐僧:悟空,为师已经绝望了......你把我变成套套吧
呀呵！好多牛 好多人啊。。
2009年10月31日星期六
It's because trees use "scissors" to cut their leaves off.
It's because trees use "scissors" to cut their leaves off.
iStockphoto.com
We call this season the "fall" because all around us right now (if you live near leaf-dropping trees in a temporal zone), leaves are turning yellow and looking a little dry and crusty. So when a stiff breeze comes along, those leaves seem to "fall" off, thus justifying the name "fall."
Sounds reasonable, no?
But the truth is much more interesting.
According to Peter Raven, president of the Missouri Botanical Garden and a renowned botanist, the wind doesn't gently pull leaves off trees. Trees are more proactive than that. They throw their leaves off. Instead of calling this season "The Fall," if trees could talk they'd call this the "Get Off Me" season.
Here's why.
Around this time of year in the Northern Hemisphere, as the days grow shorter and colder, those changes trigger a hormone in leaf-dropping trees that sends a chemical message to every leaf that says, in essence, "Time to go! Let's part company!"
Once the message is received, says Raven, little cells appear at the place where the leaf stem meets the branch. They are called "abscission" cells. They have the same root as the word scissors, meaning they are designed, like scissors, to make a cut.
And within a few days or weeks, every leaf on these deciduous trees develops a thin bumpy line of cells that push the leaf, bit by bit, away from the stem. You can't see this without a microscope, but if you looked through one, you'd see those scissors cells lined right up.
EnlargeUniversity of Wisconsin Plant Image Teaching Collection
The scissor cells are stained red and mark the boundary between the branch (left) and the leaf stalk.
That's where the tree gives each leaf a push, leaving it increasingly dangling. "So with that very slender connection, they're sort of ready to be kicked off," says Raven, and then a breeze comes along and finishes the job.
So the truth is, the wind isn't making the leaves fall. It's the tree.
The tree is deeply programmed by eons of evolution to insist that the leaves drop away. Why? Why not let the leaves stick around? Why drop?
Raven explains that leaves are basically the kitchen staff of a tree. During the spring, summer and early fall they make the food that helps the tree grow and thrive and reproduce. When the days get short and cold, food production slows down, giving the tree an option: It can keep the kitchen staff or it can let it go.
If trees kept their leaves permanently they wouldn't have to grow new ones, but leaves are not the brightest of bulbs (sorry!). Every so often, when the winter weather has a break and the days turn warm, Raven says leaves will start photosynthesizing. "They get some water up and they start operating and making food and then it freezes again."
When the cold snap's back on, the leaves will be caught with water in their veins, freeze and die. So instead of a food staff that's resting, the tree is stuck with a food staff that's dead. And when spring comes, the permanent help will be no help. The tree will die.
That's why every fall, deciduous trees in many parts of North America get rid of their leaves and grow new ones in the spring. It's safer that way.
So for leaves, falling in the fall isn't optional. The trees are shoving them off.
Why Leaves Really Fall Off Trees
Copyright © 2009 National Public Radio®. For personal, noncommercial use only. See Terms of Use. For other uses, prior permission required.
text sizeAAA
Heard on All Things Considered
October 30, 2009 - ROBERT SIEGEL, host:
Sometimes, what everybody says is true is not true - it's wrong. Here's a case in point from our science correspondent Robert Krulwich.
ROBERT KRULWICH: Why do we call this season the fall? Well, you know why, because at this time of the year, the days get shorter and colder, the trees get kind of tired and dry, and they lose hold of their leaves. So a breeze comes by and then the leaves just fall off. That's why we call it fall.
Well, that sounds logical, but it's wrong, says Peter Raven, director of Missouri's Botanical Garden. Trees don't just drop their leaves.
Dr. PETER RAVEN (Director, Missouri's Botanical Garden): The tree is getting rid of them.
KRULWICH: So it's like throwing the leaves off?
Dr. RAVEN: Discarding them, discarding them when they become non-functional.
KRULWICH: So this, it isn't really like a fall. It's more like a shove.
Dr. RAVEN: Exactly.
KRULWICH: And here's how it works. When the days get sufficiently short, that triggers the release of a hormone inside the tree.
Dr. RAVEN: So they're chemical signals…
KRULWICH: That run like messengers from leaf to leaf to leaf all over the tree, saying - and what is the message that the…
Dr. RAVEN: It says, time to go. Let's part company.
(Soundbite of laughter)
KRULWICH: I see.
Dr. RAVEN: And when the signal comes…
KRULWICH: Leaf after leaf, a little layer of cells will appear. They're called abscission cells. Abscission sounds like it's related to the word - is it related with scissors?
Dr. RAVEN: Yeah. Ab means away and scindere means to cut, so abscission means to cut away.
KRULWICH: So if I put a leaf in front of you and I say, wait, where would we see this little line of cells…
Dr. RAVEN: Right at the main stem.
KRULWICH: Right at the bottom there of the leaf? Right where it's…
Dr. RAVEN: Normally, yeah. Right where it hits the stem.
KRULWICH: So right around this time of year, if you look at every leaf on a deciduous tree right where it connects to the branch, at the very bottom of the stem, you'll see a little, thin, bumpy line. If you had a microscope it would show you cells pushing that leaf away from the branch. So within - oh, I don't know, days, or maybe a week…
Dr. RAVEN: They're joined to that parent only by a couple of thin veins going from the stem up into the leaf. So with that very slender connection, you know, they will be kicked off, but they're sort of they're ready to be kicked off, so a wind will finish up the job.
KRULWICH: So you see, it's the tree that pushes the leaves off. The wind is just the garbage collector…
(Soundbite of wind howling)
KRULWICH: …which raises the question, why are deciduous trees so determined, so programmed by evolution, to kick off their leaves?
Dr. RAVEN: Let's put it this way. It's more efficient to get rid of your food production than it is to just keep it all there.
KRULWICH: In other words, leaves during the spring and the summer and the early fall provide food for the tree. They're kind of like the chefs or the tree's kitchen staff. But when it gets cold and food production stops, the tree now has a choice. It can fire the staff - drop the leaves - or it can make them permanent employees. If you keep your leaves, then you don't have to grow any new ones in the spring. But a leaf in winter, that can be a problem.
Dr. RAVEN: If you have the leaves sitting there during the winter and it warms up and they start photosynthesizing, you know, they get some water up and then they start operating and making food and then it freezes again. They just die. And the whole plant can be killed better than (unintelligible).
KRULWICH: Because if you've kept your leaves and you can't get new ones and now they're dead, come spring you'll starve.
Dr. RAVEN: It's better to shed them first, then you're not in any danger at all from freezing.
KRULWICH: Which is why even though we people call this season the fall, if we can think of it from a tree's point of view, if trees could talk, they'd probably call it the get-off-me season.
Dr. RAVEN: Sure.
KRULWICH: okay.
Dr. RAVEN: If you have talking trees, though, you've got real problem.
(Soundbite of laughter)
KRULWICH: Robert Krulwich, NPR News.
SIEGEL: You're listening to ALL THINGS CONSIDERED from NPR News.
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2009年10月30日星期五
2009年9月18日星期五
想你不再孤独
上周三去了厦门，由于要考试，所以几乎所有的活动都以厦门大学为中心。印象最深刻的除了厦门大学那美丽的校园以及校园外面洁白的沙滩、碧绿的大海，还有一件点滴之事。
由于时间紧迫，我不能长时间待在厦门，所以我选择在有限的时间内尽量多走路。从轮渡码头到火车站，大约10多站公交的路程。
沿着厦禾路向火车站的方向走，挥汗如雨。正当我打算买点东西在火车上吃的时候，我看到路的一个小广场上有大幅的好又多超市的购物街特价广告。于是我就问了一个路人好又多的位置，一个年轻小伙子告诉我超市在路的左边，穿过马路一直往里走。于是我就退回到刚过去的一个十字路口，等待绿灯的亮起。刚开始我并没有注意到那个背着书包的小男孩，直到主干道的灯变为红色的时候，身旁的年轻的、上了年纪的、抱着小孩的、骑着车的一拥而上抢先走向路的另一边，而那个男孩却静静的站在那里，此时主干道的等虽然是红色的，可由于侧向转弯还在行驶，人行道的灯仍然是红色的。由于是主干道，侧向通行时间长了一些，但我选择了和这个小男孩一起等待。
我很高兴教孩子过马路的人没有告诉他跟着大多数人走，因为在这样的情况下，大多数人是不可靠的。每当遇到这种情况，我相信很多人都在想自己是像大多数人一样闯过去还是默默的等待绿灯的亮起，在想会不会太过于循规蹈矩而被别人讥笑。
生活中类似的事情不胜枚举，但我相信因为我的陪伴小男孩的内心会少了些挣扎，那一刻他并不孤单。
由于时间紧迫，我不能长时间待在厦门，所以我选择在有限的时间内尽量多走路。从轮渡码头到火车站，大约10多站公交的路程。
沿着厦禾路向火车站的方向走，挥汗如雨。正当我打算买点东西在火车上吃的时候，我看到路的一个小广场上有大幅的好又多超市的购物街特价广告。于是我就问了一个路人好又多的位置，一个年轻小伙子告诉我超市在路的左边，穿过马路一直往里走。于是我就退回到刚过去的一个十字路口，等待绿灯的亮起。刚开始我并没有注意到那个背着书包的小男孩，直到主干道的灯变为红色的时候，身旁的年轻的、上了年纪的、抱着小孩的、骑着车的一拥而上抢先走向路的另一边，而那个男孩却静静的站在那里，此时主干道的等虽然是红色的，可由于侧向转弯还在行驶，人行道的灯仍然是红色的。由于是主干道，侧向通行时间长了一些，但我选择了和这个小男孩一起等待。
我很高兴教孩子过马路的人没有告诉他跟着大多数人走，因为在这样的情况下，大多数人是不可靠的。每当遇到这种情况，我相信很多人都在想自己是像大多数人一样闯过去还是默默的等待绿灯的亮起，在想会不会太过于循规蹈矩而被别人讥笑。
生活中类似的事情不胜枚举，但我相信因为我的陪伴小男孩的内心会少了些挣扎，那一刻他并不孤单。
2009年9月3日星期四
再见，谷歌----李开复辞职信
再见，谷歌
李开复
时光荏苒，时光匆匆走过了一个四年，回望过去四年我在谷歌的职业生涯，所有的快乐、成就以及曾经面对的困难与挫折，所有的这一切如同一部电影在我的脑海里不断地闪过。在这离别之际，我不禁百感交集。在这四年时光里，谷歌中国从一个很小的雏形一直慢慢发展壮大，一直到今天，它成为了一家平稳，成熟，走上轨道的公司。
在整整四年的时光里，我努力地把Google“平等、创新、快乐、无畏”的精神带到中国。这个过程并非一帆风顺，但是我们坚持着自己的信念与价值观，保持着超强的耐心精耕细作。
我们压抑着做更酷、更炫的产品的欲望，努力耕耘最佳中文搜索。今天，谷歌中国的搜索质量已堪称最精确、最完整、最即时。优化中文搜索后，我们又开启了数十个产品，让谷歌中国的版图渐渐清晰。其中谷歌地图、谷歌手机地图、谷歌手机搜索、谷歌翻译都已经达到中国第一。另外，音乐搜索的推出，可以让网民首次享受到正版免费的音乐，创立了全球音乐下载的崭新模式。
特别令我难忘的是我们热爱中国的员工面临雪灾、地震、风灾做出的及时产品和贡献，证实了谷歌中国人爱谷歌也爱中国，证实了谷歌中国人既能创新又有爱心。
当我随意走进咖啡馆，看到年轻人在用谷歌的整合搜索查询信息，用地图查看实时交通流量，在iGoogle上挑选自己喜欢的“皮肤”（计算机界面），或者在用谷歌音乐听正版歌曲时，我都会露出发自内心的微笑。
谷歌是一个伟大又可爱的公司，我非常感谢有这么一个千载难逢的机会，来从无到有地打造谷歌中国。在谷歌，我学到太多太多，无论是互联网技术、创新模式、价值观。
对于谷歌，我现在已经没有遗憾，但我的人生还有一个缺憾没有实现，我想去弥补它。在过去的20年，我有幸在乔布斯、盖茨、施密特等身边学习成长，我有幸在PC时代历经苹果微软，我有幸在互联网时代历经谷歌，我有幸看到三个世界一流的公司的成长成功，我有幸在美国硅谷和中国的中关村崛起时，在这两个地方做过最有创意的工作。我拥有更多的是在科技领域的知识，更了解是企业成功的秘笈。这些职业经验才是我最有价值的资产，我非常希望能够把这些资产传授给中国青年。
我的下一步就是和中国青年人一起打造新奇的技术奇迹，我想用自己的主动性做一个掌控全局的工作。我已经到了这个人生阶段，再不去做，我真的很怕来不及了。
所以，尽管加州的山景城再次向我伸出了橄榄枝，希望我再续约四年，但是我却在此刻做出了发自内心的选择，我希望帮助年轻人圆梦的同时也圆自己的创业梦想。
这个周末，我终于能够从业务发展、战略策划、离职宣布、工作交接中松一口气。这个周末，我会把我的思路理顺。下周，我会和大家分享的我的“从心选择”计划。
每当我想到我将迈出的一步，我就会想起苹果创始人乔布斯的名言：
“最重要的，拥有跟随内心与直觉的勇气，你的内心与直觉多少已经知道你真正想要成为什么样的人。任何其它事物都是次要的。”
李开复
时光荏苒，时光匆匆走过了一个四年，回望过去四年我在谷歌的职业生涯，所有的快乐、成就以及曾经面对的困难与挫折，所有的这一切如同一部电影在我的脑海里不断地闪过。在这离别之际，我不禁百感交集。在这四年时光里，谷歌中国从一个很小的雏形一直慢慢发展壮大，一直到今天，它成为了一家平稳，成熟，走上轨道的公司。
在整整四年的时光里，我努力地把Google“平等、创新、快乐、无畏”的精神带到中国。这个过程并非一帆风顺，但是我们坚持着自己的信念与价值观，保持着超强的耐心精耕细作。
我们压抑着做更酷、更炫的产品的欲望，努力耕耘最佳中文搜索。今天，谷歌中国的搜索质量已堪称最精确、最完整、最即时。优化中文搜索后，我们又开启了数十个产品，让谷歌中国的版图渐渐清晰。其中谷歌地图、谷歌手机地图、谷歌手机搜索、谷歌翻译都已经达到中国第一。另外，音乐搜索的推出，可以让网民首次享受到正版免费的音乐，创立了全球音乐下载的崭新模式。
特别令我难忘的是我们热爱中国的员工面临雪灾、地震、风灾做出的及时产品和贡献，证实了谷歌中国人爱谷歌也爱中国，证实了谷歌中国人既能创新又有爱心。
当我随意走进咖啡馆，看到年轻人在用谷歌的整合搜索查询信息，用地图查看实时交通流量，在iGoogle上挑选自己喜欢的“皮肤”（计算机界面），或者在用谷歌音乐听正版歌曲时，我都会露出发自内心的微笑。
谷歌是一个伟大又可爱的公司，我非常感谢有这么一个千载难逢的机会，来从无到有地打造谷歌中国。在谷歌，我学到太多太多，无论是互联网技术、创新模式、价值观。
对于谷歌，我现在已经没有遗憾，但我的人生还有一个缺憾没有实现，我想去弥补它。在过去的20年，我有幸在乔布斯、盖茨、施密特等身边学习成长，我有幸在PC时代历经苹果微软，我有幸在互联网时代历经谷歌，我有幸看到三个世界一流的公司的成长成功，我有幸在美国硅谷和中国的中关村崛起时，在这两个地方做过最有创意的工作。我拥有更多的是在科技领域的知识，更了解是企业成功的秘笈。这些职业经验才是我最有价值的资产，我非常希望能够把这些资产传授给中国青年。
我的下一步就是和中国青年人一起打造新奇的技术奇迹，我想用自己的主动性做一个掌控全局的工作。我已经到了这个人生阶段，再不去做，我真的很怕来不及了。
所以，尽管加州的山景城再次向我伸出了橄榄枝，希望我再续约四年，但是我却在此刻做出了发自内心的选择，我希望帮助年轻人圆梦的同时也圆自己的创业梦想。
这个周末，我终于能够从业务发展、战略策划、离职宣布、工作交接中松一口气。这个周末，我会把我的思路理顺。下周，我会和大家分享的我的“从心选择”计划。
每当我想到我将迈出的一步，我就会想起苹果创始人乔布斯的名言：
“最重要的，拥有跟随内心与直觉的勇气，你的内心与直觉多少已经知道你真正想要成为什么样的人。任何其它事物都是次要的。”
2009年8月17日星期一
话题：白岩松拿小沈阳讽刺中国足球 称二者都是娱乐
网易北京网友 [cczzjt] 的原贴： 1
足球踢不好，人家小沈阳又惹着谁了？中国人有十三亿人，有6000万人喜欢小沈阳，那人家就是成功的。人能保证你身边的人就没有一个不喜欢你的，人家天天说你坏话了吗？天天说你你受得了吗？那人家小沈阳为什么就得受着。人家怎么了？有谁看过小沈阳的段子没笑的？笑完了还骂人家！有没有良心。
网易辽宁大连网友 [layztask] 的原贴： 2
楼上的，他是演节目的，他是出来挣钱的，我是来花钱的。他干的不是一般的职业。他是卖笑的，我是买笑的。他挣到钱了，我也花了钱了。卖笑的不让客人骂，这还有天理吗？
网易浙江网友 [zhangdi8327] 的原贴： 3
请问你是从事什么工作的??换位思考下再说
网易辽宁大连网友 [layztask] 的原贴： 4
我就一普通职员，卖笑干的就是这个职业：只要爷高兴，爷就赏你钱。不对吗。特殊 职业就是这样的，不对吗？
网易同济大学网友 [taine_c] 的原贴： 5
买卖是公平的,买方可以选择不买,卖方可以选择不卖,你也说了,人家是卖笑的,又不是卖人格,你凭什么想骂就骂?回家问问你家长,你这算不算没家教.
网易辽宁大连网友 [layztask] 的原贴： 6
下三滥的职业就那样，及女卖的时候你要不要给她尊严？他的职业决定了他虽不卖人格，但人格对他来说已不由他说的算了。学着点吧，你还嫩，大学生！
网易同济大学网友 [taine_c] 的原贴： 7
我错了,我觉得跟这种看一眼文字就能知道你是不是大学生,吃完饭就打服务员的人争辩简直是我的耻辱,向所有人道歉.同时向着位兄弟道歉,我没能如你所愿是个嫩的大学生.
网易辽宁大连网友 [layztask] 的原贴： 8
我是不是大学生不是关键的，关键的是要你知道世界不是你想的那么理想化，现在就这样。。。。。矛盾中，希望你保持理想，又想你及早知道现实。。。。。。。。
网易江苏盐城网友 [yangsi588] 的原贴： 9
你大连的啊 很丢人 买笑 呵呵 你真好意思 你以为叫鸡呢啊 还买笑 你以为小沈阳是为你一个人笑的 你不喜欢你还买什么啊 还你有钱你高兴 请问下你有多钱 女明星卖笑的 和卖身的也不少你怎么没买几个 别装很有钱的样子 很恶心
网易辽宁大连网友 [layztask] 的原贴： 10
打比方啊，大哥！你文盲吗！打个比方我就有钱了，那早知道我说你是P I G 了！
网易辽宁朝阳网友 [胡妮] 的原贴： 11
我觉得都挺有意思！演员和买笑的怎么能是一种职业呢！大连的朋友应该仔细想想~！我还没听过那个演员就是让人骂的！让人骂的是出气筒！你可以不喜欢演员但是不要说他们是下三滥的职业！侯宝林大师、赵丽蓉、这些大师们都是演员！而且都是被广大人民承认的！如果你说演员是下三滥的职业那也只能说明你的家教真的有问题！还有你可以说这个世界现实、可以愤世嫉俗！但是如果你去破坏这个世界上所剩不多的美德！那就是你的人品有问题了！
网易辽宁大连网友 [layztask] 的原贴： 12
估计你的岁数不会超过25岁，如果超过25岁你还有这样的论断说明你的知识来源过度单一。有时间查查相声的起源。。。不多说，说多了网易也不让我发表。只说一句：他们没别的吃饭的技能，观众是他们的衣食父母，喜欢了扔几个钱，不喜欢哄个场，他们都要受着。
网易黑龙江哈尔滨网友 [lxfdch] 的原贴： 13
你张口闭口扔几个钱，你是什么东西啊？垃圾一个。
网易辽宁大连网友 [layztask] 的原贴： 14
楼上是二人转演员，鉴定完毕
网易辽宁朝阳网友 [胡妮] 的原贴： 15
你总喜欢用你的空间想象能力想别人的形象吗？还有一点！为什么你总生活在过去呢！我知道相声、唱戏的、在过去都不是什么好职业！但请注意！你生活的是21世纪！给别人尊重是最起码的美德！不是吗？我知道你愤世嫉俗！但是请不要没有最基本的品德！大家都是靠自己的努力吃饭的！就像你一样！
如果你的老板多给你开一倍的工资，说我骂你一顿！你可能咬咬牙挺过来了！大家都为钱嘛！可是老板说我给你10倍工资！你回家把你儿子弄死！你肯定不干！如果你干了才说明你确实为了钱在买老板的笑！
网易辽宁大连网友 [layztask] 的原贴： 16
演员这个行当就是取悦大众，这是亘古不变的道理。大众是他们劳动产品的消费者。好就鼓掌，坏就骂 娘。我消费的是非有形产品。它区别于有形产品，不能以有形产品的消费常识来审视。我承认尊重人是美德，我也允许别人喜欢他。但是请允许我有这样的权利：花了消费精神食粮的钱，却看到了精神大便的时候，请允许我呕吐。如果你认为呕吐时不尊重别人劳动成果的时候，我觉得你该看心理医生了！
网易辽宁朝阳网友 [胡妮] 的原贴： 17
我可以理解你喜欢他的表演叫好也理解你不喜欢他的表演而骂娘！
你可以骂他表演的不好！但是你不能不能侮辱他和喜欢看他表演的人！你可以呕吐！但请不要吐到别人身上！如果你吐到别人身上还不许别人说你的时候！我想你才应该去看心里医生
网易辽宁大连网友 [layztask] 的原贴： 18
演员和他的表演方式不能分开，当我花钱却看到了精神的垃圾时，我有理由，也有权利怀疑他是打着精神食粮的幌子贩卖精神大便的垃圾！有谁会为我付出的成本买单？没有人！当你被人以近乎恶毒的方式进行了一次精神QJ时，你还能只说是他的表演不好，而不是他的人不好？他这个人就不应该把精神的垃圾贩卖出来！如果我呕吐小沈阳的时候，你认为是吐到了你的身上的话，说明你是个失去理智的FANS而已，仅此而已。
网易辽宁朝阳网友 [胡妮] 的原贴： 19
你在逃避你所说的话！“人的欣赏水平不一样，“有的人”就爱看人妖表演，咱就别老笑话人家低级趣味了。咱自己看看“有的人”不也挺有意思吗 ？”难道你真的没有侮辱喜欢看小沈阳表演的人？
别不承认！他没有强迫你去看他的表演！没有那刀逼着你花钱去看的表演！你不喜欢在电视里看到他你可以换台！不管用你可以关电视！有他的新闻你可以无视！没人用刀逼着你！你所看到的他都是你自愿的！你有权利怀疑他是卖精神大便的垃圾!但是你不能说他强迫你花钱去看他表演！
网易辽宁大连网友 [layztask] 的原贴： 20
春节晚会，仅此一家，不看这个我看啥？30那天有别的电视可看吗？他是没拿刀逼我，可我卫星电视的钱是论年交的！他在年30那天出现在电视上，大部分不愿看人有选择权吗？你可以说我不爱看可以不看，可以关电视。我想说，我为什么要关电视！凭什么？
说你低级趣味委屈你了吗？你没低级趣味？非要我说你是阳春白雪？你太自恋了吧
网易吉林吉林网友 [股市风云] 的原贴： 21
辽宁大连的这位。
呵呵，看来你就是找骂啊。你的脑子里长刺了吗？思想这么偏激！可笑可笑。
估计你是现实中的失败者，还好意思说自己有钱，呵呵，人家怎么也是表演，你不喜欢看可以不看，没人逼你看，但你不能让别人也不喜欢。就好比，一个人很难让所有人支持他一样，但大多数人喜欢，这就是成功，这点道理你不懂吗？
你说人家是卖笑的，你不是吗，你不用对领导，对客户，有笑脸吗？从这意义上讲，你不是在卖笑吗？人家赚的是钱，你赚的不是钱吗？但你赚的，连人家的一个毛都比不上。还有脸骂人家！可笑可笑。
网易广东深圳网友 [123] 的原贴： 22
大连这个真够SB的!就算人家是卖笑的,那也是让你随便骂的吗?你花了几个钱啊?随便侮辱你人格行吗?装B能装到这个份儿上也挺不容易的!
网易浙江网友 [zhangdi8327] 的原贴： 23
中午看到大连这个人说的回了两句没想到现在还在继续，我想说的是各行各业都有各种各样的顾客如果你的顾客这样骂你你会怎么想？？何况你还没花钱呢？你说过年春晚只这一家但我想问问春晚只有沈阳这一个节目吗？？你不想看可以不看，晚会现场那么多笑声我想不可能都是托吧？？如果你在工作单位受了气请自己调节，不要拿别人说事
网易天津网友 [大呼一声] 的原贴： 24
心里变态的演员，迎合了心理变态的观众。这就叫臭味相投。
网易江西萍乡网友 [gfffgl] 的原贴： 25
大连的兄弟我同意你的观点！竟然出来走这条路 就注定 有人 会骂 那 娘们早就知道了 只是我们一群S 13为这个 鸟事在这里争论！
网易山东聊城网友 [yangzx-610.4] 的原贴： 26
顶大连网友，你是我发现的继京城狗少之后最有才的一个
向小沈阳这种靠低俗出位的我没发现有什么可取之处
不就是把网上的笑话拼起来
要不就学点变态的东西，看多了早烦了
没劲
网易四川网友 [duogoloes] 的原贴： 27
我觉得那个哥们么错 你可以不同意他的观点 但你有什么权利限制人家发言
网易广东深圳网友 [chenbqiang] 的原贴： 28
支持大连网友!!
网易浙江温州网友 [opx.99] 的原贴： 29
支持大连网友!!说什么P话不喜欢看就换台或关电视，，，凭什么？那个台或电视又不是他的专有，老子自己家的电视看看还让人管，老子骂骂自己不喜欢的小丑难道还犯法了？？只不过犯了你们这群所谓的FS罢了。。。。。
网易上海杨浦网友 [fangxu121212] 的原贴： 30
演员本身并不是一个没有人格的职业，相反往往会出现一些伟大的艺术家，但是小沈阳自己并没有尊重这个职业，他总是以贬低自己的人格或侮辱别人的人格来达到哗众取宠的效果，是他自己在侮辱自己，并且想把这种糟粕融入到观众的审美情趣中，能不骂他吗！
网易北京网友 [hxs8637] 的原贴： 31
支持大连网友,小沈阳就是垃圾
说实话,,演员演的不好,,有个别的演个烂小品,,你敢说你没骂过么?小沈阳是什么,,就是一民间娱乐大众讲小段子逗笑的一角,登不了大雅之堂..看一次乐了,,几次就烦了,,跟本山的艺术表现力相差太远,
足球踢不好，人家小沈阳又惹着谁了？中国人有十三亿人，有6000万人喜欢小沈阳，那人家就是成功的。人能保证你身边的人就没有一个不喜欢你的，人家天天说你坏话了吗？天天说你你受得了吗？那人家小沈阳为什么就得受着。人家怎么了？有谁看过小沈阳的段子没笑的？笑完了还骂人家！有没有良心。
网易辽宁大连网友 [layztask] 的原贴： 2
楼上的，他是演节目的，他是出来挣钱的，我是来花钱的。他干的不是一般的职业。他是卖笑的，我是买笑的。他挣到钱了，我也花了钱了。卖笑的不让客人骂，这还有天理吗？
网易浙江网友 [zhangdi8327] 的原贴： 3
请问你是从事什么工作的??换位思考下再说
网易辽宁大连网友 [layztask] 的原贴： 4
我就一普通职员，卖笑干的就是这个职业：只要爷高兴，爷就赏你钱。不对吗。特殊 职业就是这样的，不对吗？
网易同济大学网友 [taine_c] 的原贴： 5
买卖是公平的,买方可以选择不买,卖方可以选择不卖,你也说了,人家是卖笑的,又不是卖人格,你凭什么想骂就骂?回家问问你家长,你这算不算没家教.
网易辽宁大连网友 [layztask] 的原贴： 6
下三滥的职业就那样，及女卖的时候你要不要给她尊严？他的职业决定了他虽不卖人格，但人格对他来说已不由他说的算了。学着点吧，你还嫩，大学生！
网易同济大学网友 [taine_c] 的原贴： 7
我错了,我觉得跟这种看一眼文字就能知道你是不是大学生,吃完饭就打服务员的人争辩简直是我的耻辱,向所有人道歉.同时向着位兄弟道歉,我没能如你所愿是个嫩的大学生.
网易辽宁大连网友 [layztask] 的原贴： 8
我是不是大学生不是关键的，关键的是要你知道世界不是你想的那么理想化，现在就这样。。。。。矛盾中，希望你保持理想，又想你及早知道现实。。。。。。。。
网易江苏盐城网友 [yangsi588] 的原贴： 9
你大连的啊 很丢人 买笑 呵呵 你真好意思 你以为叫鸡呢啊 还买笑 你以为小沈阳是为你一个人笑的 你不喜欢你还买什么啊 还你有钱你高兴 请问下你有多钱 女明星卖笑的 和卖身的也不少你怎么没买几个 别装很有钱的样子 很恶心
网易辽宁大连网友 [layztask] 的原贴： 10
打比方啊，大哥！你文盲吗！打个比方我就有钱了，那早知道我说你是P I G 了！
网易辽宁朝阳网友 [胡妮] 的原贴： 11
我觉得都挺有意思！演员和买笑的怎么能是一种职业呢！大连的朋友应该仔细想想~！我还没听过那个演员就是让人骂的！让人骂的是出气筒！你可以不喜欢演员但是不要说他们是下三滥的职业！侯宝林大师、赵丽蓉、这些大师们都是演员！而且都是被广大人民承认的！如果你说演员是下三滥的职业那也只能说明你的家教真的有问题！还有你可以说这个世界现实、可以愤世嫉俗！但是如果你去破坏这个世界上所剩不多的美德！那就是你的人品有问题了！
网易辽宁大连网友 [layztask] 的原贴： 12
估计你的岁数不会超过25岁，如果超过25岁你还有这样的论断说明你的知识来源过度单一。有时间查查相声的起源。。。不多说，说多了网易也不让我发表。只说一句：他们没别的吃饭的技能，观众是他们的衣食父母，喜欢了扔几个钱，不喜欢哄个场，他们都要受着。
网易黑龙江哈尔滨网友 [lxfdch] 的原贴： 13
你张口闭口扔几个钱，你是什么东西啊？垃圾一个。
网易辽宁大连网友 [layztask] 的原贴： 14
楼上是二人转演员，鉴定完毕
网易辽宁朝阳网友 [胡妮] 的原贴： 15
你总喜欢用你的空间想象能力想别人的形象吗？还有一点！为什么你总生活在过去呢！我知道相声、唱戏的、在过去都不是什么好职业！但请注意！你生活的是21世纪！给别人尊重是最起码的美德！不是吗？我知道你愤世嫉俗！但是请不要没有最基本的品德！大家都是靠自己的努力吃饭的！就像你一样！
如果你的老板多给你开一倍的工资，说我骂你一顿！你可能咬咬牙挺过来了！大家都为钱嘛！可是老板说我给你10倍工资！你回家把你儿子弄死！你肯定不干！如果你干了才说明你确实为了钱在买老板的笑！
网易辽宁大连网友 [layztask] 的原贴： 16
演员这个行当就是取悦大众，这是亘古不变的道理。大众是他们劳动产品的消费者。好就鼓掌，坏就骂 娘。我消费的是非有形产品。它区别于有形产品，不能以有形产品的消费常识来审视。我承认尊重人是美德，我也允许别人喜欢他。但是请允许我有这样的权利：花了消费精神食粮的钱，却看到了精神大便的时候，请允许我呕吐。如果你认为呕吐时不尊重别人劳动成果的时候，我觉得你该看心理医生了！
网易辽宁朝阳网友 [胡妮] 的原贴： 17
我可以理解你喜欢他的表演叫好也理解你不喜欢他的表演而骂娘！
你可以骂他表演的不好！但是你不能不能侮辱他和喜欢看他表演的人！你可以呕吐！但请不要吐到别人身上！如果你吐到别人身上还不许别人说你的时候！我想你才应该去看心里医生
网易辽宁大连网友 [layztask] 的原贴： 18
演员和他的表演方式不能分开，当我花钱却看到了精神的垃圾时，我有理由，也有权利怀疑他是打着精神食粮的幌子贩卖精神大便的垃圾！有谁会为我付出的成本买单？没有人！当你被人以近乎恶毒的方式进行了一次精神QJ时，你还能只说是他的表演不好，而不是他的人不好？他这个人就不应该把精神的垃圾贩卖出来！如果我呕吐小沈阳的时候，你认为是吐到了你的身上的话，说明你是个失去理智的FANS而已，仅此而已。
网易辽宁朝阳网友 [胡妮] 的原贴： 19
你在逃避你所说的话！“人的欣赏水平不一样，“有的人”就爱看人妖表演，咱就别老笑话人家低级趣味了。咱自己看看“有的人”不也挺有意思吗 ？”难道你真的没有侮辱喜欢看小沈阳表演的人？
别不承认！他没有强迫你去看他的表演！没有那刀逼着你花钱去看的表演！你不喜欢在电视里看到他你可以换台！不管用你可以关电视！有他的新闻你可以无视！没人用刀逼着你！你所看到的他都是你自愿的！你有权利怀疑他是卖精神大便的垃圾!但是你不能说他强迫你花钱去看他表演！
网易辽宁大连网友 [layztask] 的原贴： 20
春节晚会，仅此一家，不看这个我看啥？30那天有别的电视可看吗？他是没拿刀逼我，可我卫星电视的钱是论年交的！他在年30那天出现在电视上，大部分不愿看人有选择权吗？你可以说我不爱看可以不看，可以关电视。我想说，我为什么要关电视！凭什么？
说你低级趣味委屈你了吗？你没低级趣味？非要我说你是阳春白雪？你太自恋了吧
网易吉林吉林网友 [股市风云] 的原贴： 21
辽宁大连的这位。
呵呵，看来你就是找骂啊。你的脑子里长刺了吗？思想这么偏激！可笑可笑。
估计你是现实中的失败者，还好意思说自己有钱，呵呵，人家怎么也是表演，你不喜欢看可以不看，没人逼你看，但你不能让别人也不喜欢。就好比，一个人很难让所有人支持他一样，但大多数人喜欢，这就是成功，这点道理你不懂吗？
你说人家是卖笑的，你不是吗，你不用对领导，对客户，有笑脸吗？从这意义上讲，你不是在卖笑吗？人家赚的是钱，你赚的不是钱吗？但你赚的，连人家的一个毛都比不上。还有脸骂人家！可笑可笑。
网易广东深圳网友 [123] 的原贴： 22
大连这个真够SB的!就算人家是卖笑的,那也是让你随便骂的吗?你花了几个钱啊?随便侮辱你人格行吗?装B能装到这个份儿上也挺不容易的!
网易浙江网友 [zhangdi8327] 的原贴： 23
中午看到大连这个人说的回了两句没想到现在还在继续，我想说的是各行各业都有各种各样的顾客如果你的顾客这样骂你你会怎么想？？何况你还没花钱呢？你说过年春晚只这一家但我想问问春晚只有沈阳这一个节目吗？？你不想看可以不看，晚会现场那么多笑声我想不可能都是托吧？？如果你在工作单位受了气请自己调节，不要拿别人说事
网易天津网友 [大呼一声] 的原贴： 24
心里变态的演员，迎合了心理变态的观众。这就叫臭味相投。
网易江西萍乡网友 [gfffgl] 的原贴： 25
大连的兄弟我同意你的观点！竟然出来走这条路 就注定 有人 会骂 那 娘们早就知道了 只是我们一群S 13为这个 鸟事在这里争论！
网易山东聊城网友 [yangzx-610.4] 的原贴： 26
顶大连网友，你是我发现的继京城狗少之后最有才的一个
向小沈阳这种靠低俗出位的我没发现有什么可取之处
不就是把网上的笑话拼起来
要不就学点变态的东西，看多了早烦了
没劲
网易四川网友 [duogoloes] 的原贴： 27
我觉得那个哥们么错 你可以不同意他的观点 但你有什么权利限制人家发言
网易广东深圳网友 [chenbqiang] 的原贴： 28
支持大连网友!!
网易浙江温州网友 [opx.99] 的原贴： 29
支持大连网友!!说什么P话不喜欢看就换台或关电视，，，凭什么？那个台或电视又不是他的专有，老子自己家的电视看看还让人管，老子骂骂自己不喜欢的小丑难道还犯法了？？只不过犯了你们这群所谓的FS罢了。。。。。
网易上海杨浦网友 [fangxu121212] 的原贴： 30
演员本身并不是一个没有人格的职业，相反往往会出现一些伟大的艺术家，但是小沈阳自己并没有尊重这个职业，他总是以贬低自己的人格或侮辱别人的人格来达到哗众取宠的效果，是他自己在侮辱自己，并且想把这种糟粕融入到观众的审美情趣中，能不骂他吗！
网易北京网友 [hxs8637] 的原贴： 31
支持大连网友,小沈阳就是垃圾
说实话,,演员演的不好,,有个别的演个烂小品,,你敢说你没骂过么?小沈阳是什么,,就是一民间娱乐大众讲小段子逗笑的一角,登不了大雅之堂..看一次乐了,,几次就烦了,,跟本山的艺术表现力相差太远,
2009年8月6日星期四
话题：国家统计局高层褒奖"GDP负增长"地区统计部门
网易广西南宁网友 [fujif@yeah.net] 的原贴： 1
昨天我拉一泡屎,叫做负吃饭!
网易山东青岛网友(221.0.*.*) 的原贴： 2
昨天我吃饭了，叫做负拉屎！
网易广西玉林网友[xx](202.103.*.*) 的原贴： 3
昨天我喝一杯水，叫做负拉尿！
网易浙江台州网友[1233211234567](125.127.*.*) 的原贴： 4
昨天我拉一泡尿，叫做负喝水
网易山西太原网友(118.81.*.*) 的原贴： 5
昨天我有吃有喝 叫做负拉屎负撒尿
网易山东青岛网友[太师也](60.209.*.*) 的原贴： 6
上海的楼倒了，叫负站立
网易山东滨州网友(222.134.*.*) 的原贴： 7
我失恋了，叫负结婚！
网易广东网友(119.144.*.*) 的原贴： 8
我失业了，叫负就业
网易云南临沧网友(218.63.*.*) 的原贴： 9
今天你负拉屎了吗？
网易浙江绍兴网友[naozhongok](125.107.*.*) 的原贴： 10
今天你你拉屎了吗？没 叫付拉屎
网易广东东莞网友(116.18.*.*) 的原贴： 11
今天被强奸了叫负卖淫。楼下继续。。。
网易山东济南网友[付输记](119.162.*.*) 的原贴： 12
今天打牌输了叫负赢钱
网易辽宁锦州网友(60.21.*.*) 的原贴： 13
以后卖淫都叫“负强奸”！
网易北京网友(59.108.*.*) 的原贴： 14
网易的人太他妈有才了。错，是负愚蠢！
网易四川达州网友[12456](61.157.*.*) 的原贴： 15
今天茶都喷出来了，叫负喝入！
网易上海网友(202.127.*.*) 的原贴： 16
今天掉了50块钱，叫负捡到。
网易重庆网友(119.86.*.*) 的原贴： 17
我上班都笑出声音了，叫负哭
网易云南昆明网友[阿猫0976](61.166.*.*) 的原贴： 18
更正一下，叫负悲伤
网易广东东莞网友(119.142.*.*) 的原贴： 19
我笑的肚子疼，叫什么啊
网易河南南阳网友[* *](125.45.*.*) 的原贴： 20
佛笑
网易山西运城网友(60.222.*.*) 的原贴： 21
今天买彩票没中，叫负中头彩！
网易河南郑州网友 [shuangyang99] 的原贴： 22
统计局高层的褒奖，难道叫负批评？
网易江苏苏州网友(221.225.*.*) 的原贴： 23
小贩被城管打了，叫负打人。
网易内蒙古网友(116.112.*.*) 的原贴： 24
我刚花了十块钱叫负收入
网易河北网友(120.42.*.*) 的原贴： 25
我找了一个情人,叫负恋爱!
网易火星网友[听其言观其行](unknown) 的原贴： 26
死了也要捉把沙，
哈哈哈，我大笑两声
网易河北邯郸网友[不明白](221.193.*.*) 的原贴： 27
靠，负活着！！
网易广东深圳网友[９５２７](119.122.*.*) 的原贴： 28
那插入不是叫负拨 出．．．．．
网易湖南长沙网友[wk85002@126.com(222.240.*.*) 的原贴： 29
我是男的,希望有个"负"婆~
网易四川成都网友(222.210.*.*) 的原贴： 30
中国每天负死亡(出生)的孩子有多少?希望统计局给出数据
网易广西南宁网友[放p](115.46.*.*) 的原贴： 31
统计局的大爷出门被七十码了，叫负活
网易广西南宁网友[某人0907](113.12.*.*) 的原贴： 32
楼上负牛嘴
日，我都负哭死我了..
昨天我拉一泡屎,叫做负吃饭!
网易山东青岛网友(221.0.*.*) 的原贴： 2
昨天我吃饭了，叫做负拉屎！
网易广西玉林网友[xx](202.103.*.*) 的原贴： 3
昨天我喝一杯水，叫做负拉尿！
网易浙江台州网友[1233211234567](125.127.*.*) 的原贴： 4
昨天我拉一泡尿，叫做负喝水
网易山西太原网友(118.81.*.*) 的原贴： 5
昨天我有吃有喝 叫做负拉屎负撒尿
网易山东青岛网友[太师也](60.209.*.*) 的原贴： 6
上海的楼倒了，叫负站立
网易山东滨州网友(222.134.*.*) 的原贴： 7
我失恋了，叫负结婚！
网易广东网友(119.144.*.*) 的原贴： 8
我失业了，叫负就业
网易云南临沧网友(218.63.*.*) 的原贴： 9
今天你负拉屎了吗？
网易浙江绍兴网友[naozhongok](125.107.*.*) 的原贴： 10
今天你你拉屎了吗？没 叫付拉屎
网易广东东莞网友(116.18.*.*) 的原贴： 11
今天被强奸了叫负卖淫。楼下继续。。。
网易山东济南网友[付输记](119.162.*.*) 的原贴： 12
今天打牌输了叫负赢钱
网易辽宁锦州网友(60.21.*.*) 的原贴： 13
以后卖淫都叫“负强奸”！
网易北京网友(59.108.*.*) 的原贴： 14
网易的人太他妈有才了。错，是负愚蠢！
网易四川达州网友[12456](61.157.*.*) 的原贴： 15
今天茶都喷出来了，叫负喝入！
网易上海网友(202.127.*.*) 的原贴： 16
今天掉了50块钱，叫负捡到。
网易重庆网友(119.86.*.*) 的原贴： 17
我上班都笑出声音了，叫负哭
网易云南昆明网友[阿猫0976](61.166.*.*) 的原贴： 18
更正一下，叫负悲伤
网易广东东莞网友(119.142.*.*) 的原贴： 19
我笑的肚子疼，叫什么啊
网易河南南阳网友[* *](125.45.*.*) 的原贴： 20
佛笑
网易山西运城网友(60.222.*.*) 的原贴： 21
今天买彩票没中，叫负中头彩！
网易河南郑州网友 [shuangyang99] 的原贴： 22
统计局高层的褒奖，难道叫负批评？
网易江苏苏州网友(221.225.*.*) 的原贴： 23
小贩被城管打了，叫负打人。
网易内蒙古网友(116.112.*.*) 的原贴： 24
我刚花了十块钱叫负收入
网易河北网友(120.42.*.*) 的原贴： 25
我找了一个情人,叫负恋爱!
网易火星网友[听其言观其行](unknown) 的原贴： 26
死了也要捉把沙，
哈哈哈，我大笑两声
网易河北邯郸网友[不明白](221.193.*.*) 的原贴： 27
靠，负活着！！
网易广东深圳网友[９５２７](119.122.*.*) 的原贴： 28
那插入不是叫负拨 出．．．．．
网易湖南长沙网友[wk85002@126.com(222.240.*.*) 的原贴： 29
我是男的,希望有个"负"婆~
网易四川成都网友(222.210.*.*) 的原贴： 30
中国每天负死亡(出生)的孩子有多少?希望统计局给出数据
网易广西南宁网友[放p](115.46.*.*) 的原贴： 31
统计局的大爷出门被七十码了，叫负活
网易广西南宁网友[某人0907](113.12.*.*) 的原贴： 32
楼上负牛嘴
日，我都负哭死我了..
2009年7月26日星期日
牛人教你这样用Google，你真的会变特工！！！
2009-07-10 14:02 | (分类:默认分类)
第一篇
在搜索框上输入：“indexof/”inurl:lib
再按搜索你将进入许多图书馆，并且一定能下载自己喜欢的书籍。
在搜索框上输入：“indexof/”cnki
再按搜索你就可以找到许多图书馆的CNKI、VIP、超星等入口！
在搜索框上输入：“indexof/”ppt
再按搜索你就可以突破网站入口下载powerpint作品！
在搜索框上输入：“indexof/”mp3
再按搜索你就可以突破网站入口下载mp3、rm等影视作品！
在搜索框上输入：“indexof/”swf
再按搜索你就可以突破网站入口下载flash作品！
在搜索框上输入：“indexof/”要下载的软件名
再按搜索你就可以突破网站入口下载软件！
注意引号应是英文的！
再透露一下，如果你输入：
“indexof/”AVI
另补上第二篇
用GOOgle看世界!!!只要你在GOOGLE里输入特殊的关键字,就可以搜到数千个摄象头的IP地址!通过他你就可以看到其所摄的实时影象!!
在google里输入
inurl:"viewerframe?mode="
随便打开一个,然后按提示装一个插件,就可以看到了!!!
再补上第三篇
三则黑客的Google搜索技巧简介
大家都知道，Google毫无疑问是当今世界上最强大的搜索引擎。然而，在黑客手中，它也是一个秘密武器，它能搜索到一些你意想不到的信息。赛迪编者把他们进行了简单的总结不是希望您利用他去攻击别人的网站，而是利用这些技巧去在浩如烟海的网络信息中，来个大海捞针，寻找到对您有用的信息。
如果您是一名普通网民，您可以使用黑客的技巧扩大自己的视野，提高自己的检索效率；如果您是一名网管，请您赶快看看您的网站是否做好了对下面黑客探测手段的防范措施，如果没有就赶快来个亡羊补牢，毕竟隐患胜于明火，防范胜于救灾；如果您是一名黑客，相信您早以在别的黑客站点上见过类似的方法，这篇文章对您没什么用处，这里的技巧对您是小儿科，菜鸟级！您可以节省宝贵的时间做更有意义的事情，这篇文章您不用看了，到别处去吧！
基于上面的考虑我编发了这篇文章。
搜索URL
比如我们提交这种形式：passwd.txtsite:virtualave.net
看到了什么？是不是觉得太不可思议了！有很多基于CGI/PHP/ASP类型的留言板存在这种问题。有时我们得到密码甚至还是明码的！管理员或许太不负责了，或许安全防范的意识太差了，如果你是网络管理员，赶快检查一下不要让恶意攻击者捡了便宜。不要太相信DES加密，即使我们的密码经过DES加密的密码，黑客们还是可以通过许多破解软件来搞定。
这次我们能得到包含密码的文件。“site:virtualave.net”意思是只搜索virutalave.net的URL。virutalave.net是一个网络服务器提供商。
同样，我们可以搜索一些顶级域名，比如：.net.org.jp.in.gr
config.txtsite:.jp
admin.txtsite:.tw
搜索首页的目录
首页是非常有用的，它会提供给你许多有用的信息。
我们提交如下的形式：
"Indexof/admin"
"Indexof/secret"
"Indexof/cgi-bin"site:.edu
你可以自己定义搜索的首页字符。这样就可以获得许多信息。
搜索特定的文件类型
比如你想指定一种文件的类型，可以提交如下形式：
filetype:.docsite:.milclassified
这个就是搜索军方的资料，你可以自定义搜索。
再提供一个第四篇
Google的特殊功能
1、查询电话号码
Google的搜索栏中最新加入了电话号码和美国街区地址的查询信息。
个人如想查找这些列表，只要填写姓名，城市和省份。
如果该信息为众人所知，你就会在搜索结果页面的最上方看到搜索的电话和街区地址
你还可以通过以下任何一种方法找到该列表：
名字（或首位大写字母），姓，电话地区号
名字（或首位大写字母），姓，邮递区号
名字（或首位大写字母），姓，城市（可写州）
名字（或首位大写字母），姓，州
电话号码，包括区号
名字，城市，州
名字，邮递区号
2、查找PDF文件
现在GOOGLE的搜索结果中包括了PDF文件。尽管PDF文件不如HTML文件那么多，但他们经常具备一些其他文件不具备的高质量信息
为了显示一个搜索结果是PDF文件而不是网页，PDF文件的标题开头显示蓝色文本。
这就是让你知道ACRTOBATREADER程序会启动来阅读文件
如果你的计算机没装有该程序，计算机会指导你去能免费下载该程序的网页。
使用PDF文件时，相关的网页快照会由“TEXTVERSION”代替，它是PDF文档的复制文件，该文件除去了所有格式化命令。
如果你在没有PDF链接的情况下想看一系列搜索结果，只要在搜索栏中打上-inurldf加上你的搜索条件。
3、股票报价
用Google查找股票和共有基金信息，只要输入一个或多个NYSE，NASDAQ，AMEX或
共有基金的股票行情自动收录机的代码，也可以输入在股市开户的公司名字。
如果Google识别出你查询的是股票或者共有基金，它回复的链接会直接连到高质量的金融信息提供者提供的股票和共有基金信息。
在你搜索结果的开头显示的是你查询的股市行情自动收录器的代码。如果你要查找一家公司的名字（比如，INTEL），请查看“股票报价”在Google搜索结果的金融栏里会有那个公司的主页的链接（比如， www. INTEL. COM）。
Google是以质量为基础来选择和决定金融信息提供者的，包括的因素有下载速度，用户界面及其功能。
4、找找谁和你链接
有些单词如果带有冒号就会有特殊的意思。比如link：操作员。查询link:siteURL，就会显示所有指向那个URL的网页。举例来说，链接 www. Google. com会向你显示所有指向GOOGLE主页的网页。但这种方法不能与关键字查询联合使用。
5、查找站点
单词site后面如果接上冒号就能够将你的搜索限定到某个网站。具体做法是：在c搜索栏中使用site:sampledomain.com这个语法结构。比如，在斯坦福找申请信息，输入：
admissionsite: www. stanford. edu
6、查找字典释意
查找字典释意的方法是在搜索栏中输入你要查询的内容。在我们根据要求找到所有的字典释意都会标有下划线，位于搜索结果的上面，点击链接你会找到字典提供者根据要求给出的相关定义。7、用GOOLGE查找地图
想用Google查找街区地图，在Google搜索栏中输入美国街区地址，包括邮递区号或城市/州（比如165大学大街PALOALTOCA）。通常情况下，街区地址和城市的名字就足够了。
当Google识别你的要求是查找地图，它会反馈给你有高质量地图提供者提供的链接，使你直接找到相关地图。我们是以质量为基础选择这些地图提供者。值得注意的是Google和使用的地图信息提供者没有任何关联。
第一篇
在搜索框上输入：“indexof/”inurl:lib
再按搜索你将进入许多图书馆，并且一定能下载自己喜欢的书籍。
在搜索框上输入：“indexof/”cnki
再按搜索你就可以找到许多图书馆的CNKI、VIP、超星等入口！
在搜索框上输入：“indexof/”ppt
再按搜索你就可以突破网站入口下载powerpint作品！
在搜索框上输入：“indexof/”mp3
再按搜索你就可以突破网站入口下载mp3、rm等影视作品！
在搜索框上输入：“indexof/”swf
再按搜索你就可以突破网站入口下载flash作品！
在搜索框上输入：“indexof/”要下载的软件名
再按搜索你就可以突破网站入口下载软件！
注意引号应是英文的！
再透露一下，如果你输入：
“indexof/”AVI
另补上第二篇
用GOOgle看世界!!!只要你在GOOGLE里输入特殊的关键字,就可以搜到数千个摄象头的IP地址!通过他你就可以看到其所摄的实时影象!!
在google里输入
inurl:"viewerframe?mode="
随便打开一个,然后按提示装一个插件,就可以看到了!!!
再补上第三篇
三则黑客的Google搜索技巧简介
大家都知道，Google毫无疑问是当今世界上最强大的搜索引擎。然而，在黑客手中，它也是一个秘密武器，它能搜索到一些你意想不到的信息。赛迪编者把他们进行了简单的总结不是希望您利用他去攻击别人的网站，而是利用这些技巧去在浩如烟海的网络信息中，来个大海捞针，寻找到对您有用的信息。
如果您是一名普通网民，您可以使用黑客的技巧扩大自己的视野，提高自己的检索效率；如果您是一名网管，请您赶快看看您的网站是否做好了对下面黑客探测手段的防范措施，如果没有就赶快来个亡羊补牢，毕竟隐患胜于明火，防范胜于救灾；如果您是一名黑客，相信您早以在别的黑客站点上见过类似的方法，这篇文章对您没什么用处，这里的技巧对您是小儿科，菜鸟级！您可以节省宝贵的时间做更有意义的事情，这篇文章您不用看了，到别处去吧！
基于上面的考虑我编发了这篇文章。
搜索URL
比如我们提交这种形式：passwd.txtsite:virtualave.net
看到了什么？是不是觉得太不可思议了！有很多基于CGI/PHP/ASP类型的留言板存在这种问题。有时我们得到密码甚至还是明码的！管理员或许太不负责了，或许安全防范的意识太差了，如果你是网络管理员，赶快检查一下不要让恶意攻击者捡了便宜。不要太相信DES加密，即使我们的密码经过DES加密的密码，黑客们还是可以通过许多破解软件来搞定。
这次我们能得到包含密码的文件。“site:virtualave.net”意思是只搜索virutalave.net的URL。virutalave.net是一个网络服务器提供商。
同样，我们可以搜索一些顶级域名，比如：.net.org.jp.in.gr
config.txtsite:.jp
admin.txtsite:.tw
搜索首页的目录
首页是非常有用的，它会提供给你许多有用的信息。
我们提交如下的形式：
"Indexof/admin"
"Indexof/secret"
"Indexof/cgi-bin"site:.edu
你可以自己定义搜索的首页字符。这样就可以获得许多信息。
搜索特定的文件类型
比如你想指定一种文件的类型，可以提交如下形式：
filetype:.docsite:.milclassified
这个就是搜索军方的资料，你可以自定义搜索。
再提供一个第四篇
Google的特殊功能
1、查询电话号码
Google的搜索栏中最新加入了电话号码和美国街区地址的查询信息。
个人如想查找这些列表，只要填写姓名，城市和省份。
如果该信息为众人所知，你就会在搜索结果页面的最上方看到搜索的电话和街区地址
你还可以通过以下任何一种方法找到该列表：
名字（或首位大写字母），姓，电话地区号
名字（或首位大写字母），姓，邮递区号
名字（或首位大写字母），姓，城市（可写州）
名字（或首位大写字母），姓，州
电话号码，包括区号
名字，城市，州
名字，邮递区号
2、查找PDF文件
现在GOOGLE的搜索结果中包括了PDF文件。尽管PDF文件不如HTML文件那么多，但他们经常具备一些其他文件不具备的高质量信息
为了显示一个搜索结果是PDF文件而不是网页，PDF文件的标题开头显示蓝色文本。
这就是让你知道ACRTOBATREADER程序会启动来阅读文件
如果你的计算机没装有该程序，计算机会指导你去能免费下载该程序的网页。
使用PDF文件时，相关的网页快照会由“TEXTVERSION”代替，它是PDF文档的复制文件，该文件除去了所有格式化命令。
如果你在没有PDF链接的情况下想看一系列搜索结果，只要在搜索栏中打上-inurldf加上你的搜索条件。
3、股票报价
用Google查找股票和共有基金信息，只要输入一个或多个NYSE，NASDAQ，AMEX或
共有基金的股票行情自动收录机的代码，也可以输入在股市开户的公司名字。
如果Google识别出你查询的是股票或者共有基金，它回复的链接会直接连到高质量的金融信息提供者提供的股票和共有基金信息。
在你搜索结果的开头显示的是你查询的股市行情自动收录器的代码。如果你要查找一家公司的名字（比如，INTEL），请查看“股票报价”在Google搜索结果的金融栏里会有那个公司的主页的链接（比如， www. INTEL. COM）。
Google是以质量为基础来选择和决定金融信息提供者的，包括的因素有下载速度，用户界面及其功能。
4、找找谁和你链接
有些单词如果带有冒号就会有特殊的意思。比如link：操作员。查询link:siteURL，就会显示所有指向那个URL的网页。举例来说，链接 www. Google. com会向你显示所有指向GOOGLE主页的网页。但这种方法不能与关键字查询联合使用。
5、查找站点
单词site后面如果接上冒号就能够将你的搜索限定到某个网站。具体做法是：在c搜索栏中使用site:sampledomain.com这个语法结构。比如，在斯坦福找申请信息，输入：
admissionsite: www. stanford. edu
6、查找字典释意
查找字典释意的方法是在搜索栏中输入你要查询的内容。在我们根据要求找到所有的字典释意都会标有下划线，位于搜索结果的上面，点击链接你会找到字典提供者根据要求给出的相关定义。7、用GOOLGE查找地图
想用Google查找街区地图，在Google搜索栏中输入美国街区地址，包括邮递区号或城市/州（比如165大学大街PALOALTOCA）。通常情况下，街区地址和城市的名字就足够了。
当Google识别你的要求是查找地图，它会反馈给你有高质量地图提供者提供的链接，使你直接找到相关地图。我们是以质量为基础选择这些地图提供者。值得注意的是Google和使用的地图信息提供者没有任何关联。
2009年7月21日星期二
大师中的大师
本报记者 王波
中青在线－中国青年报 2009-07-08
在德国勃兰登堡边境，俄国军队入侵，一家农庄遭到抢劫。不过，当得知农庄的主人是莱昂哈德·欧拉（Leonhard Euler）后，俄军将领急忙下令给予赔偿，金额远远多于实际损失。
“我们不是对科学作战。”赔偿的同时，将领声明道。在他眼里，欧拉俨然是科学的象征。
故事发生的时间是1760年，距离瑞士人欧拉离开俄国已整整20年。此前，他是俄国圣彼得堡科学院的教授，也是俄国政府以及军事等领域的顾问。
在圣彼得堡，30岁出头的欧拉眼部曾严重感染，可他不顾病情恶化继续研究数学问题，撰写有关造船、声学以及物理学论文，最终右眼失明。也是在这里，他在同事哥德巴赫的影响下，开始了数论研究。因为解决了巴塞尔问题和哥尼斯堡七桥问题等困扰数学家们多年的难题，欧拉在欧洲声名鹊起。
不过，他眼下的身份，已经与俄国无关。他身居柏林科学院院长之位，在柏林住着宽敞的住宅。遭抢的农庄不过是他在乡下的一处财产。
这事最后还是惊动了俄国女皇伊丽莎白，她在亲自赔偿了欧拉的损失后，又额外给了一笔数目可观的钱。
但是，53岁的欧拉对钱和名早已不以为意。
早在5年前，19岁的拉格朗日把自己的著作送给欧拉，欧拉一眼就看出了它们的价值，鼓励小伙子继续研究下去，而他自己则一直被等周问题困扰。4年后，拉格朗日写信告诉了欧拉如何解决等周问题，欧拉的论文很快得以完成。
这位刚刚晋升院长的科学家，并没有立即发表论文，而是等到拉格朗日将解答方法发表后，这才发表了自己的论文。
“这是为了不剥夺应该属于你的荣誉。”欧拉告诉年轻的后辈。
圣彼得堡科学院经常会收到欧拉从柏林寄来的书籍和科学仪器。即便在俄德交战的7年之间，也未曾中断。在科学院，欧拉工作了14年并取得了累累硕果。但他不得不在1741年离开，因为俄国新任统治者不信任外国人。不过，虽然离开俄国，欧拉一直担任圣彼得堡数学期刊的编辑。购买书籍和仪器的钱，正来自他兼职做编辑的薪水。
只是，在柏林，单纯做学问的欧拉过得并不开心。当年邀请他到柏林科学院的腓特烈大帝，对眼前这个只会研究不懂奉承的人，越来越不喜欢。皇太后原本很欣赏欧拉，试着逗引他聊天，但得到的回应只是冷淡的“是”或“不是”。相比之下，他们更为喜欢懂得迎合自己的伏尔泰。
在朝廷里，欧拉甚至被一群善于咬文嚼字的家伙取笑。眼见欧拉不懂取悦朝廷，大帝一怒之下决定为科学院物色新的院长。
恰在此时，俄国的新任统治者叶卡捷琳娜二世向欧拉发出了热情的邀请。1766年,欧拉接受了邀请，再次打点行李回到圣彼得堡。女皇以皇室的规格接待了他，并派出自己的厨师去料理欧拉的膳食。
然而，悲剧却接二连三地来临。他的左眼不久也失明了。房子在一场大火中化为灰烬，他的瑞士仆人冒着生命危险，才把这个又瞎又病的主人背出险境。
唯一值得庆幸的是，他的全部手稿被抢救了出来。正当他为视力修复手术的成功高兴时，伤口却感染了。欧拉的余生从此一片黑暗，“陷入了可怕的长期痛苦之中”。
好在，这丝毫没有妨碍他成为数学史上第二高产的数学家。在彻底失明前，他常常用粉笔把公式写在一块很大的石板上，让儿子阿贝尔抄下来，然后他再口述对公式的说明。失明后，他让儿子将书刊上的文章读给自己听，遇到表格或图像，还得详细描述。而欧拉在解决一个问题或有新发现后，会把结果口述给儿子，然后形成论文。通过这种方式，欧拉陆续撰写了400部著作和论文。
据说，圣彼得堡科学院后来为了整理他的著作，足足忙碌了47年。后人统计，在欧拉的一生中，共写了886部书籍和论文，其中数学占58％，物理学占28％，剩下的是天文学、弹道学、航海学、建筑学等。
面对欧拉的成果，作为数学史上著作数量唯一超过欧拉的人，高斯留下了四个字——“不可替代”。数学家拉普拉斯则直接呼吁：“读读欧拉吧，在任何意义上，他都是我们所有人的大师。”其他的数学家同行，更是经常把18世纪称作“欧拉的世纪”。
只是这个“世纪”，在1783年9月18日便已匆匆结束。长期的失明令欧拉痛苦，但也培养了他超强的心算能力。那天下午，欧拉一边逗小孙女玩，一边心算天文学家新近发现的天王星的运行轨迹。突然，烟斗从他的手中掉落，老人从椅子上滑了下来，嘴里轻声说了最后一句话：“我死了。”
中青在线－中国青年报 2009-07-08
在德国勃兰登堡边境，俄国军队入侵，一家农庄遭到抢劫。不过，当得知农庄的主人是莱昂哈德·欧拉（Leonhard Euler）后，俄军将领急忙下令给予赔偿，金额远远多于实际损失。
“我们不是对科学作战。”赔偿的同时，将领声明道。在他眼里，欧拉俨然是科学的象征。
故事发生的时间是1760年，距离瑞士人欧拉离开俄国已整整20年。此前，他是俄国圣彼得堡科学院的教授，也是俄国政府以及军事等领域的顾问。
在圣彼得堡，30岁出头的欧拉眼部曾严重感染，可他不顾病情恶化继续研究数学问题，撰写有关造船、声学以及物理学论文，最终右眼失明。也是在这里，他在同事哥德巴赫的影响下，开始了数论研究。因为解决了巴塞尔问题和哥尼斯堡七桥问题等困扰数学家们多年的难题，欧拉在欧洲声名鹊起。
不过，他眼下的身份，已经与俄国无关。他身居柏林科学院院长之位，在柏林住着宽敞的住宅。遭抢的农庄不过是他在乡下的一处财产。
这事最后还是惊动了俄国女皇伊丽莎白，她在亲自赔偿了欧拉的损失后，又额外给了一笔数目可观的钱。
但是，53岁的欧拉对钱和名早已不以为意。
早在5年前，19岁的拉格朗日把自己的著作送给欧拉，欧拉一眼就看出了它们的价值，鼓励小伙子继续研究下去，而他自己则一直被等周问题困扰。4年后，拉格朗日写信告诉了欧拉如何解决等周问题，欧拉的论文很快得以完成。
这位刚刚晋升院长的科学家，并没有立即发表论文，而是等到拉格朗日将解答方法发表后，这才发表了自己的论文。
“这是为了不剥夺应该属于你的荣誉。”欧拉告诉年轻的后辈。
圣彼得堡科学院经常会收到欧拉从柏林寄来的书籍和科学仪器。即便在俄德交战的7年之间，也未曾中断。在科学院，欧拉工作了14年并取得了累累硕果。但他不得不在1741年离开，因为俄国新任统治者不信任外国人。不过，虽然离开俄国，欧拉一直担任圣彼得堡数学期刊的编辑。购买书籍和仪器的钱，正来自他兼职做编辑的薪水。
只是，在柏林，单纯做学问的欧拉过得并不开心。当年邀请他到柏林科学院的腓特烈大帝，对眼前这个只会研究不懂奉承的人，越来越不喜欢。皇太后原本很欣赏欧拉，试着逗引他聊天，但得到的回应只是冷淡的“是”或“不是”。相比之下，他们更为喜欢懂得迎合自己的伏尔泰。
在朝廷里，欧拉甚至被一群善于咬文嚼字的家伙取笑。眼见欧拉不懂取悦朝廷，大帝一怒之下决定为科学院物色新的院长。
恰在此时，俄国的新任统治者叶卡捷琳娜二世向欧拉发出了热情的邀请。1766年,欧拉接受了邀请，再次打点行李回到圣彼得堡。女皇以皇室的规格接待了他，并派出自己的厨师去料理欧拉的膳食。
然而，悲剧却接二连三地来临。他的左眼不久也失明了。房子在一场大火中化为灰烬，他的瑞士仆人冒着生命危险，才把这个又瞎又病的主人背出险境。
唯一值得庆幸的是，他的全部手稿被抢救了出来。正当他为视力修复手术的成功高兴时，伤口却感染了。欧拉的余生从此一片黑暗，“陷入了可怕的长期痛苦之中”。
好在，这丝毫没有妨碍他成为数学史上第二高产的数学家。在彻底失明前，他常常用粉笔把公式写在一块很大的石板上，让儿子阿贝尔抄下来，然后他再口述对公式的说明。失明后，他让儿子将书刊上的文章读给自己听，遇到表格或图像，还得详细描述。而欧拉在解决一个问题或有新发现后，会把结果口述给儿子，然后形成论文。通过这种方式，欧拉陆续撰写了400部著作和论文。
据说，圣彼得堡科学院后来为了整理他的著作，足足忙碌了47年。后人统计，在欧拉的一生中，共写了886部书籍和论文，其中数学占58％，物理学占28％，剩下的是天文学、弹道学、航海学、建筑学等。
面对欧拉的成果，作为数学史上著作数量唯一超过欧拉的人，高斯留下了四个字——“不可替代”。数学家拉普拉斯则直接呼吁：“读读欧拉吧，在任何意义上，他都是我们所有人的大师。”其他的数学家同行，更是经常把18世纪称作“欧拉的世纪”。
只是这个“世纪”，在1783年9月18日便已匆匆结束。长期的失明令欧拉痛苦，但也培养了他超强的心算能力。那天下午，欧拉一边逗小孙女玩，一边心算天文学家新近发现的天王星的运行轨迹。突然，烟斗从他的手中掉落，老人从椅子上滑了下来，嘴里轻声说了最后一句话：“我死了。”
我已不再研究数学
本报记者 王波
中青在线－中国青年报 2009-07-01
都灵大学数学教授们的希望最终还是落空了。他们给玛利亚·盖达娜·阿涅西（Maria Gaetana Agnesi）写信，请求她对一篇提出新发现的论文加以评论，论文作者是后来成为杰出数学家的拉格朗日。
这遭到了阿涅西的拒绝。“我已不再研究数学了。”她解释说。
时间是1762年，拉格朗日尚是个26岁的小伙子，而阿涅西离开数学界，已整整10年。但数学教授们对她的能力仍旧评价极高。在他们眼里，44岁的阿涅西依旧是那个誉满欧洲的数学家。
可是，这个11岁时已通晓7国语言的女子，心里只有她的慈善事业，数学研究已是隔着10年甚至更久远的回忆。
18岁那年，阿涅西就在导师的指导下，在自己的书稿中，对当时的两部数学著作进行了评论。两年之后，富有的父亲出资出版了女儿的论文集。在这191篇论文里，阿涅西的研究涉及哲学、物理、化学、生物学、矿物学以及妇女教育问题等。在父亲定期组织的学术交流聚会上，年轻的阿涅西也时常会跟博学的权贵客人们辩论。
只是，20岁的女孩子很快便厌倦了这一切。“她告诉我这种辩论令她不快乐，厌烦得快要死了。”常去参加聚会的法国学者布罗斯写道。他听说阿涅西“想去修道院做一个修女，为穷人服务”时，感到“很惊奇”。
但阿涅西很坚决地告诉父亲，与社交和辩论相比，祈祷、慈善和安静的研习，对自己更有吸引力。
父亲的劝说，暂时打消了阿涅西做修女的念头。不过，她获准可以衣着俭朴，不再去参加社交活动。
10年之后，一本名为《分析讲义》的微积分教科书，被送到了教皇本笃十四世手里。“你的著作将给意大利带来荣耀。”在给教科书的作者阿涅西的信里，教皇写道。
不过，自称“年轻时也曾研究数学”的教皇，无法想象的是，为了完成这本教科书，阿涅西整整“研究”了10年。对英国的牛顿、德国的莱布尼茨以及法国、俄国、意大利等国数学家提出的不同的微积分表达方式，阿涅西在书里进行了统一。
入睡前，她常常会将未解决的问题留在书桌上，想到解法后就下床写下答案，然后再上床睡觉。从1738年开始，10年的废寝忘食，最终换得了《分析讲义》问世。
阿涅西把这本书题献给了神圣罗马帝国的皇后玛利亚·特蕾西娅。这让皇后“感到非常感动和荣幸”，她赠送给阿涅西一枚钻石戒指和一个华丽的水晶盒子，上面装饰有宝石和钻石。教皇则赠给阿涅西一枚金质奖章和一个黄金花环，以示祝贺。
“我们早就认为你应该被授予著名数学教授的教席。”在1750年9月26日给阿涅西的信里，教皇向女数学家提供了博洛尼亚大学数学和自然哲学教授的职位。面对教皇的慷慨，阿涅西既没说接受，也没说拒绝。在学校寄给她委任书时，她也没做任何回应。
此时，无论是在意大利还是在欧洲，数学界对阿涅西的关注越来越多。阿涅西则把自己的目光重新投向了修道院。1752年,父亲去世，阿涅西再无顾忌。她把全部的心力投入救助穷人和老年妇女之中。
家里的一些房子，被她用来安置穷苦的人们。不仅如此，1759年，为了在米兰租一栋房子建疗养院，这个原本家境优裕的女子，变卖了那些象征着当年的荣耀的东西，其中包括教皇赠给她的金质奖章和皇后送给她的钻石和水晶盒子。
接下来，她的微积分教科书被翻译成多种语言，在欧洲流行了60多年。与此同时，女数学家却不再做跟数学有关的事。
阿涅西拒绝了都灵大学数学教授们的请求，但大主教托佐波奈里请求她担任一家慈善公会的主管时，她欣然接受。
在那个为贫困女性设立的疗养院里，还有450个病人需要她和她的工作人员照顾。为此，阿涅西自己也搬进了疗养院住。
她的健康最终被摧毁，这个在当年聚会上“既不丑也不美”的数学家，开始失明失聪。在一次次昏迷之后，这个把自己人生最后的47年奉献给慈善事业的人，在1799年身无分文地去世。
最终，阿涅西和疗养院另外的15名女病人，被一起埋在了一块无名墓地里。在疗养院墙角的一块石头上，人们刻下了她为贫困女性服务的事迹。而她那曾经与数学有关的光辉往事，则被悄无声息地埋进历史，远不及她的善举为人所知。
中青在线－中国青年报 2009-07-01
都灵大学数学教授们的希望最终还是落空了。他们给玛利亚·盖达娜·阿涅西（Maria Gaetana Agnesi）写信，请求她对一篇提出新发现的论文加以评论，论文作者是后来成为杰出数学家的拉格朗日。
这遭到了阿涅西的拒绝。“我已不再研究数学了。”她解释说。
时间是1762年，拉格朗日尚是个26岁的小伙子，而阿涅西离开数学界，已整整10年。但数学教授们对她的能力仍旧评价极高。在他们眼里，44岁的阿涅西依旧是那个誉满欧洲的数学家。
可是，这个11岁时已通晓7国语言的女子，心里只有她的慈善事业，数学研究已是隔着10年甚至更久远的回忆。
18岁那年，阿涅西就在导师的指导下，在自己的书稿中，对当时的两部数学著作进行了评论。两年之后，富有的父亲出资出版了女儿的论文集。在这191篇论文里，阿涅西的研究涉及哲学、物理、化学、生物学、矿物学以及妇女教育问题等。在父亲定期组织的学术交流聚会上，年轻的阿涅西也时常会跟博学的权贵客人们辩论。
只是，20岁的女孩子很快便厌倦了这一切。“她告诉我这种辩论令她不快乐，厌烦得快要死了。”常去参加聚会的法国学者布罗斯写道。他听说阿涅西“想去修道院做一个修女，为穷人服务”时，感到“很惊奇”。
但阿涅西很坚决地告诉父亲，与社交和辩论相比，祈祷、慈善和安静的研习，对自己更有吸引力。
父亲的劝说，暂时打消了阿涅西做修女的念头。不过，她获准可以衣着俭朴，不再去参加社交活动。
10年之后，一本名为《分析讲义》的微积分教科书，被送到了教皇本笃十四世手里。“你的著作将给意大利带来荣耀。”在给教科书的作者阿涅西的信里，教皇写道。
不过，自称“年轻时也曾研究数学”的教皇，无法想象的是，为了完成这本教科书，阿涅西整整“研究”了10年。对英国的牛顿、德国的莱布尼茨以及法国、俄国、意大利等国数学家提出的不同的微积分表达方式，阿涅西在书里进行了统一。
入睡前，她常常会将未解决的问题留在书桌上，想到解法后就下床写下答案，然后再上床睡觉。从1738年开始，10年的废寝忘食，最终换得了《分析讲义》问世。
阿涅西把这本书题献给了神圣罗马帝国的皇后玛利亚·特蕾西娅。这让皇后“感到非常感动和荣幸”，她赠送给阿涅西一枚钻石戒指和一个华丽的水晶盒子，上面装饰有宝石和钻石。教皇则赠给阿涅西一枚金质奖章和一个黄金花环，以示祝贺。
“我们早就认为你应该被授予著名数学教授的教席。”在1750年9月26日给阿涅西的信里，教皇向女数学家提供了博洛尼亚大学数学和自然哲学教授的职位。面对教皇的慷慨，阿涅西既没说接受，也没说拒绝。在学校寄给她委任书时，她也没做任何回应。
此时，无论是在意大利还是在欧洲，数学界对阿涅西的关注越来越多。阿涅西则把自己的目光重新投向了修道院。1752年,父亲去世，阿涅西再无顾忌。她把全部的心力投入救助穷人和老年妇女之中。
家里的一些房子，被她用来安置穷苦的人们。不仅如此，1759年，为了在米兰租一栋房子建疗养院，这个原本家境优裕的女子，变卖了那些象征着当年的荣耀的东西，其中包括教皇赠给她的金质奖章和皇后送给她的钻石和水晶盒子。
接下来，她的微积分教科书被翻译成多种语言，在欧洲流行了60多年。与此同时，女数学家却不再做跟数学有关的事。
阿涅西拒绝了都灵大学数学教授们的请求，但大主教托佐波奈里请求她担任一家慈善公会的主管时，她欣然接受。
在那个为贫困女性设立的疗养院里，还有450个病人需要她和她的工作人员照顾。为此，阿涅西自己也搬进了疗养院住。
她的健康最终被摧毁，这个在当年聚会上“既不丑也不美”的数学家，开始失明失聪。在一次次昏迷之后，这个把自己人生最后的47年奉献给慈善事业的人，在1799年身无分文地去世。
最终，阿涅西和疗养院另外的15名女病人，被一起埋在了一块无名墓地里。在疗养院墙角的一块石头上，人们刻下了她为贫困女性服务的事迹。而她那曾经与数学有关的光辉往事，则被悄无声息地埋进历史，远不及她的善举为人所知。
新闻眼
徐百柯
中青在线－中国青年报
民工的话，怎么答
“今天有活儿干吗？”老黄起身，问了一句。然后他躺下，就这么死了，猝死于6月24日凌晨5时许，猝死于北京市区一处著名楼盘的工棚内，猝死于劳累和高温。我们甚至不清楚老黄的名字，只知道他来自湖北，39岁，不久前刚到这里打工。
这段短暂人生的最后一句话，是问句。问谁呢？不知为什么，这句话劈面而来，像是问我。怎么答？
; 我带着惶恐，在网上漫游，见有人发帖，和老黄的事无关，却又像是有关。此人拍摄了一面墙，挂满各种证照。他解释说：路过一家农村小店，店里东西不多，都是山民们常用的，显得很脏乱，店主是一对老夫妻，都已经60多岁了。这里不通车，离县城有120公里。墙壁上的那些证照，都是必须要办的，不办，就会有各种单位的人来罚款。办这些证照，到县城来回奔波数次一点也不稀奇。办证办照要交钱，最少100元，多的有几百元的，大部分的证照，都还要年检，这样的话，如果单位不上门，老两口还得跑县城，年检也免不了要交钱，当然啦，这些年，交的钱已经少得多了。提到这些事情，老夫妻俩有些无奈地笑笑。于是此人哀叹：民生如此多艰。
看完这帖子，想回复，却不知道怎么回。死者留下一句话，让人痛惜。生者的无奈，让人唏嘘。
总理的话，怎么答
“最近一周你们为人民做了什么好事情？”总理突然发问。部长们有些手足无措。“为什么不说话？”几秒钟之后，总理笑着环顾左右说，双手则在摆弄一张卡片，而笑容似乎表露着一些无奈。“什么都没有做吗？就这样还拿工资？”总理终于将手中摆弄的卡片扔在桌子上。“干活儿吧！”他对部长们说。然后会议开始。
故事场景发生在俄罗斯政府大厦内，总理名叫普京。俄独立电视台6月11日晚间播出了以上新闻画面。记者在报道中说：“普京以玩笑开始了今天的政府工作会议，但是在座的部长们脸上并没有笑容，连微笑也不曾出现。”
不由得展开遐想：这句话若是换个国度，换个总理，换批官员，会怎样？大概差不多。总理跳出官话体系，单刀直入，属下官员，措手不及，任谁也得被“侃”晕。
官员囿于官话体系，这不稀奇。但若是连思想本该最活跃的大学生也自缚于这套话语体系，问题恐怕就更严重了。近日有媒体人分析温家宝总理与大学生的座谈，除赞赏总理说真话、有温度的话，不说官话、套话外，也尖锐指出，参加座谈的学生代表让人失望，使用的那套话语系统充满空话、大话、甚至假话，像是在背书。其人感叹：真不知该为这些同学悲哀，还是该为当下的教育悲哀。
这般巧言令色答总理，还不如部长们的无言以对。
母亲的话，怎么答
高考的故事，还没完。其中一则：女儿高考成绩出来了，一位母亲失望至极，哭了一下午。
伤心似乎有道理。父母以为女儿是非常聪明的孩子，对她的期望值一直很高，所以上小学时托人进了好小学，尽管离家很远，爸爸每天接送；初中又是托人，进了重点中学，托人花了两万多元，捐资助学又两万多元，钱是借来的；市重点高中是女儿自己考上的，父母兴奋得请所有亲戚吃饭。高三一年，给女儿报了很好的补习班，又请家教，花了3万多元；为安心照顾女儿，母亲把生意也关掉了；怕吵她，在家不敢大声说话……
女儿对自己的估计也不低，认为肯定能上600分，所以报志愿都按此标准，低的一个没报。惴惴不安地上网查分，谁知当头一瓢冷水。
明年要教改，不知能不能复读一年；生意关掉了，家里经济条件也很困难；还不敢批评女儿，怕她有闪失。父亲生气极了，说一个字都不想再对孩子说。母亲只能一个人，坐在小黑屋里大哭：这些年，我们为孩子付出太多了！
这句话，怎么答？这番困境，如何是好？
网友的话，怎么答
目光如炬的网友，已不局限于批判谷歌。他们提出：必须旗帜鲜明地反对尼康、佳能、索尼涉黄。证据相当确凿：在任何一个色情网站上，绝大多数的淫秽图片、视频在拍摄、录制时，使用的都是由极少数摄影、摄像器材制造商提供的产品，其中尼康、佳能、索尼占据了绝大部分市场份额。
所以，部分不明真相的群众，醒醒吧，别被它们的无辜姿态蒙蔽，大家都来踊跃曝光其涉黄行为，并让其尽快向广大深受毒害的人民群众低头道歉。
像这样有理有据有节的投诉，管理部门怎么答？
中青在线－中国青年报
民工的话，怎么答
“今天有活儿干吗？”老黄起身，问了一句。然后他躺下，就这么死了，猝死于6月24日凌晨5时许，猝死于北京市区一处著名楼盘的工棚内，猝死于劳累和高温。我们甚至不清楚老黄的名字，只知道他来自湖北，39岁，不久前刚到这里打工。
这段短暂人生的最后一句话，是问句。问谁呢？不知为什么，这句话劈面而来，像是问我。怎么答？
; 我带着惶恐，在网上漫游，见有人发帖，和老黄的事无关，却又像是有关。此人拍摄了一面墙，挂满各种证照。他解释说：路过一家农村小店，店里东西不多，都是山民们常用的，显得很脏乱，店主是一对老夫妻，都已经60多岁了。这里不通车，离县城有120公里。墙壁上的那些证照，都是必须要办的，不办，就会有各种单位的人来罚款。办这些证照，到县城来回奔波数次一点也不稀奇。办证办照要交钱，最少100元，多的有几百元的，大部分的证照，都还要年检，这样的话，如果单位不上门，老两口还得跑县城，年检也免不了要交钱，当然啦，这些年，交的钱已经少得多了。提到这些事情，老夫妻俩有些无奈地笑笑。于是此人哀叹：民生如此多艰。
看完这帖子，想回复，却不知道怎么回。死者留下一句话，让人痛惜。生者的无奈，让人唏嘘。
总理的话，怎么答
“最近一周你们为人民做了什么好事情？”总理突然发问。部长们有些手足无措。“为什么不说话？”几秒钟之后，总理笑着环顾左右说，双手则在摆弄一张卡片，而笑容似乎表露着一些无奈。“什么都没有做吗？就这样还拿工资？”总理终于将手中摆弄的卡片扔在桌子上。“干活儿吧！”他对部长们说。然后会议开始。
故事场景发生在俄罗斯政府大厦内，总理名叫普京。俄独立电视台6月11日晚间播出了以上新闻画面。记者在报道中说：“普京以玩笑开始了今天的政府工作会议，但是在座的部长们脸上并没有笑容，连微笑也不曾出现。”
不由得展开遐想：这句话若是换个国度，换个总理，换批官员，会怎样？大概差不多。总理跳出官话体系，单刀直入，属下官员，措手不及，任谁也得被“侃”晕。
官员囿于官话体系，这不稀奇。但若是连思想本该最活跃的大学生也自缚于这套话语体系，问题恐怕就更严重了。近日有媒体人分析温家宝总理与大学生的座谈，除赞赏总理说真话、有温度的话，不说官话、套话外，也尖锐指出，参加座谈的学生代表让人失望，使用的那套话语系统充满空话、大话、甚至假话，像是在背书。其人感叹：真不知该为这些同学悲哀，还是该为当下的教育悲哀。
这般巧言令色答总理，还不如部长们的无言以对。
母亲的话，怎么答
高考的故事，还没完。其中一则：女儿高考成绩出来了，一位母亲失望至极，哭了一下午。
伤心似乎有道理。父母以为女儿是非常聪明的孩子，对她的期望值一直很高，所以上小学时托人进了好小学，尽管离家很远，爸爸每天接送；初中又是托人，进了重点中学，托人花了两万多元，捐资助学又两万多元，钱是借来的；市重点高中是女儿自己考上的，父母兴奋得请所有亲戚吃饭。高三一年，给女儿报了很好的补习班，又请家教，花了3万多元；为安心照顾女儿，母亲把生意也关掉了；怕吵她，在家不敢大声说话……
女儿对自己的估计也不低，认为肯定能上600分，所以报志愿都按此标准，低的一个没报。惴惴不安地上网查分，谁知当头一瓢冷水。
明年要教改，不知能不能复读一年；生意关掉了，家里经济条件也很困难；还不敢批评女儿，怕她有闪失。父亲生气极了，说一个字都不想再对孩子说。母亲只能一个人，坐在小黑屋里大哭：这些年，我们为孩子付出太多了！
这句话，怎么答？这番困境，如何是好？
网友的话，怎么答
目光如炬的网友，已不局限于批判谷歌。他们提出：必须旗帜鲜明地反对尼康、佳能、索尼涉黄。证据相当确凿：在任何一个色情网站上，绝大多数的淫秽图片、视频在拍摄、录制时，使用的都是由极少数摄影、摄像器材制造商提供的产品，其中尼康、佳能、索尼占据了绝大部分市场份额。
所以，部分不明真相的群众，醒醒吧，别被它们的无辜姿态蒙蔽，大家都来踊跃曝光其涉黄行为，并让其尽快向广大深受毒害的人民群众低头道歉。
像这样有理有据有节的投诉，管理部门怎么答？
无聊之后，解剖“贾君鹏”的文学想象
陈方
中青在线－中国青年报
“贾君鹏”是一粒小得不能再小的石子，奇怪的是，它竟然激起了很大的涟漪，几乎所有人都惊呼为奇迹。从7月16日开始，百度“魔兽世界”贴吧里一个名为“贾君鹏你妈妈喊你回家吃饭”的帖子，以接近爆炸的方式迅速蹿红网络。帖中内容只有“rt”两个字母，意思为“如题”，对“为什么发帖”、“贾君鹏是何许人物”等问题并没有作出解释。
几年前看过一部电影《好奇害死猫》，电影情节大抵是说好奇心可以导致很多故事的发生。就是这么一条无头无尾的近乎调侃式的帖子，激发了网民们的好奇心，在短短的6个小时便引来了39万网友点击浏览，接近17000名网友参与跟帖。但是，“贾君鹏吃饭”的疯狂回帖，似乎又不仅仅和人的好奇心有关，无意之间，它又把我们带入对“无聊文化”的探讨之中。“贾君鹏”不同于芙蓉姐姐天仙妹妹，没有人能准确地概括出他短时间内蹿红网络的真正原因。探析那些热心于回帖的人，他们并没有明确的目的，只有消遣的快乐，甚至连消遣都算不上，他们只是无意识地被一种力量裹挟了进去，这种力量或许就是“无聊”。
无聊，越来越像一种大众文化了——一种看似可有可无，却又在很大一部分人的生活中占有极其重要位置的文化。昆丁塔伦提诺在他的影片《低俗小说》中提到一个问题，“为什么人在一起就非得瞎扯些什么，不然就会觉得特没劲？”片中人物最后发现，只有心心相印的人，才能达到沉默也不难受的境界。可见，越来越多的人已经意识到生活中很多不太庄严的事情，同样是生活的重要问题。所以，我们经常会把身边最无聊的人聚到一起，让大家发挥无聊智慧，讲着冷热不均的笑话来取悦彼此，这种文化几乎渗透到了我们生活中的任一领域，而且被我们装饰得妙不可言。
“贾君鹏妈妈喊你回家吃饭”帖子的蹿红，只不过算是一个网络版的《好奇害死猫》罢了，一个“无聊”的帖子，主流媒体倒是迫不及待地充当起社会学专家的角色，他们将之解读为“中国人恋母情结”的表现，将之解读为“暑期文化生活贫乏”的折射。期望以一种极其正宗的路线来阐释这“无聊”的“贾饭饭”，恐怕只能是越阐释越无聊。
我倒宁可抛开对“贾君鹏吃饭”有聊无聊的探讨，发挥一下对“贾君鹏吃饭”这一帖子的文学想象。“贾君鹏”一夜成名后，有人将《贾》贴形容为是一篇引人入胜的超微型小说。帖子只有十多个字，但情节俱全。人物上，有一个含辛茹苦的母亲，一个爱玩魔兽的儿子，还有儿子的一个好友三人。但这三个人物都限定在一个情节中，所涉及的内容包括未成年人教育、网瘾、魔兽，立意上又体现了友情、亲情等因素。我们可以将之看作一部超微型小说，也可以将之视为一句“流行语”。
我们这个时代并不缺乏“楼脆脆”、“俯卧撑”、“躲猫猫”之类的流行语，虽然这些流行语都轻飘飘地游荡在网络之中，但它们背后无疑都负荷着沉重的现实之痛。而“贾君鹏妈妈喊你回家吃饭”不同，它可以是轻松的，幽默的，也可以是担忧的，无奈的，它带给人的感受是多维度的。而更多的人，更愿意把它看作是简单的、无厘头的。
既然贾君鹏承载的是一种无聊文化，既然无聊能够取悦公众，能让我们从疲惫的现实中获得喘息的机会，那我们又何苦步步紧逼，追问它的价值所在？好了，现在是贾君鹏的吃饭时间。所有研究者，请就此止步吧。
中青在线－中国青年报
“贾君鹏”是一粒小得不能再小的石子，奇怪的是，它竟然激起了很大的涟漪，几乎所有人都惊呼为奇迹。从7月16日开始，百度“魔兽世界”贴吧里一个名为“贾君鹏你妈妈喊你回家吃饭”的帖子，以接近爆炸的方式迅速蹿红网络。帖中内容只有“rt”两个字母，意思为“如题”，对“为什么发帖”、“贾君鹏是何许人物”等问题并没有作出解释。
几年前看过一部电影《好奇害死猫》，电影情节大抵是说好奇心可以导致很多故事的发生。就是这么一条无头无尾的近乎调侃式的帖子，激发了网民们的好奇心，在短短的6个小时便引来了39万网友点击浏览，接近17000名网友参与跟帖。但是，“贾君鹏吃饭”的疯狂回帖，似乎又不仅仅和人的好奇心有关，无意之间，它又把我们带入对“无聊文化”的探讨之中。“贾君鹏”不同于芙蓉姐姐天仙妹妹，没有人能准确地概括出他短时间内蹿红网络的真正原因。探析那些热心于回帖的人，他们并没有明确的目的，只有消遣的快乐，甚至连消遣都算不上，他们只是无意识地被一种力量裹挟了进去，这种力量或许就是“无聊”。
无聊，越来越像一种大众文化了——一种看似可有可无，却又在很大一部分人的生活中占有极其重要位置的文化。昆丁塔伦提诺在他的影片《低俗小说》中提到一个问题，“为什么人在一起就非得瞎扯些什么，不然就会觉得特没劲？”片中人物最后发现，只有心心相印的人，才能达到沉默也不难受的境界。可见，越来越多的人已经意识到生活中很多不太庄严的事情，同样是生活的重要问题。所以，我们经常会把身边最无聊的人聚到一起，让大家发挥无聊智慧，讲着冷热不均的笑话来取悦彼此，这种文化几乎渗透到了我们生活中的任一领域，而且被我们装饰得妙不可言。
“贾君鹏妈妈喊你回家吃饭”帖子的蹿红，只不过算是一个网络版的《好奇害死猫》罢了，一个“无聊”的帖子，主流媒体倒是迫不及待地充当起社会学专家的角色，他们将之解读为“中国人恋母情结”的表现，将之解读为“暑期文化生活贫乏”的折射。期望以一种极其正宗的路线来阐释这“无聊”的“贾饭饭”，恐怕只能是越阐释越无聊。
我倒宁可抛开对“贾君鹏吃饭”有聊无聊的探讨，发挥一下对“贾君鹏吃饭”这一帖子的文学想象。“贾君鹏”一夜成名后，有人将《贾》贴形容为是一篇引人入胜的超微型小说。帖子只有十多个字，但情节俱全。人物上，有一个含辛茹苦的母亲，一个爱玩魔兽的儿子，还有儿子的一个好友三人。但这三个人物都限定在一个情节中，所涉及的内容包括未成年人教育、网瘾、魔兽，立意上又体现了友情、亲情等因素。我们可以将之看作一部超微型小说，也可以将之视为一句“流行语”。
我们这个时代并不缺乏“楼脆脆”、“俯卧撑”、“躲猫猫”之类的流行语，虽然这些流行语都轻飘飘地游荡在网络之中，但它们背后无疑都负荷着沉重的现实之痛。而“贾君鹏妈妈喊你回家吃饭”不同，它可以是轻松的，幽默的，也可以是担忧的，无奈的，它带给人的感受是多维度的。而更多的人，更愿意把它看作是简单的、无厘头的。
既然贾君鹏承载的是一种无聊文化，既然无聊能够取悦公众，能让我们从疲惫的现实中获得喘息的机会，那我们又何苦步步紧逼，追问它的价值所在？好了，现在是贾君鹏的吃饭时间。所有研究者，请就此止步吧。
在公共场合阅读的潜规则
方奕晗
中青在线－中国青年报 2
最近我在读《庄子》。每每跟人提及这件事，总是换回一个诧异的眼神，有时候还会被问上一句：你怎么了？
相信我，这东西远没有想象中那么晦涩，文字流畅洒脱，思想博大精深。
于是我痴迷地白天读晚上读，甚至尾号限行那天上下班的地铁上，也站在车厢里捧着书闷头读。朋友见状好心暗示我：这书，不宜在公共场合看，以免遭人侧目。
这倒是提醒了我。后来我留心观察了一下，果然，周围人的目光会下意识地扫过来，瞟两眼书，抬头看我一眼，偶尔还会有个意味深长的叹息，仿佛可以在这片刻的一瞥中，瞬间判断出我的性情品位。
这真是一件有趣的事。既然在公共场合阅读事关形象，那什么样的内容是“安全”的呢？
我躲在地铁车厢的角落里偷眼望去，看报纸的是多数。不得不说，都市报确实有广泛的群众基础，一个人正举着报纸读得津津有味呢，旁边探出三四个脑袋来蹭着看，这客观上造成了报纸阅读率的成倍增加。这个时候，社会新闻、股票基金、体育文化消息甚至娱乐八卦都是尚可的选择，大众化，不会让人觉得该读者是个怪胎。
看杂志的也不少，衣着入时的养眼靓妹捧着本最新版的时尚杂志，确实是车厢里的一道风景。服饰、美容、发型、旅游、美食，统统可以在众目睽睽之下坦然阅读，这些内容都是给气质形象加分的。可每本杂志后面总免不了几页的两性话题，一定要装作不经意地匆匆翻过去，私房话还是留着自己一个人回家慢慢看吧。
学生模样的人手里拿着课本或者习题，会给人留下勤勉的印象：看现在学生真辛苦，坐车还不忘学习！我就亲眼见过一个中学生在地铁里做英语选择题，同车的乘客望着他啧啧称赞。
最拉风的是某些白领，拿着一摞A4纸看得头也不抬，上面全是英文，不知道是产品介绍还是公司文件，偶尔还会勾勾画画，显得这叫一个超凡脱俗啊！旁边的人投过来的目光里带着艳羡，似乎这就是华丽的高尚生活模板。
至于捧着本书看的，绝少。
曾经看到过一条新闻，陈丹青和梁文道谈论读书话题。陈丹青说，在公共场所尤其是公交系统，欧洲许多国家和日本几乎一半人都在看书，而不是看报纸，有的时候满车厢的人都在看书，像课堂一样。梁文道则说，在香港，途中读书的人会让人有点奇怪。比如搭地铁，如果拿着本书看，你就是这个车厢里面最怪的人。别人会觉得你怎么那么怪，为什么会看书？但是反过来，你要拿一个文件或合同很认真地看，这就是很正确的。你可以在地铁里面看东西，但必须是跟生意有关的。
只是说事，不做评价。
中青在线－中国青年报 2
最近我在读《庄子》。每每跟人提及这件事，总是换回一个诧异的眼神，有时候还会被问上一句：你怎么了？
相信我，这东西远没有想象中那么晦涩，文字流畅洒脱，思想博大精深。
于是我痴迷地白天读晚上读，甚至尾号限行那天上下班的地铁上，也站在车厢里捧着书闷头读。朋友见状好心暗示我：这书，不宜在公共场合看，以免遭人侧目。
这倒是提醒了我。后来我留心观察了一下，果然，周围人的目光会下意识地扫过来，瞟两眼书，抬头看我一眼，偶尔还会有个意味深长的叹息，仿佛可以在这片刻的一瞥中，瞬间判断出我的性情品位。
这真是一件有趣的事。既然在公共场合阅读事关形象，那什么样的内容是“安全”的呢？
我躲在地铁车厢的角落里偷眼望去，看报纸的是多数。不得不说，都市报确实有广泛的群众基础，一个人正举着报纸读得津津有味呢，旁边探出三四个脑袋来蹭着看，这客观上造成了报纸阅读率的成倍增加。这个时候，社会新闻、股票基金、体育文化消息甚至娱乐八卦都是尚可的选择，大众化，不会让人觉得该读者是个怪胎。
看杂志的也不少，衣着入时的养眼靓妹捧着本最新版的时尚杂志，确实是车厢里的一道风景。服饰、美容、发型、旅游、美食，统统可以在众目睽睽之下坦然阅读，这些内容都是给气质形象加分的。可每本杂志后面总免不了几页的两性话题，一定要装作不经意地匆匆翻过去，私房话还是留着自己一个人回家慢慢看吧。
学生模样的人手里拿着课本或者习题，会给人留下勤勉的印象：看现在学生真辛苦，坐车还不忘学习！我就亲眼见过一个中学生在地铁里做英语选择题，同车的乘客望着他啧啧称赞。
最拉风的是某些白领，拿着一摞A4纸看得头也不抬，上面全是英文，不知道是产品介绍还是公司文件，偶尔还会勾勾画画，显得这叫一个超凡脱俗啊！旁边的人投过来的目光里带着艳羡，似乎这就是华丽的高尚生活模板。
至于捧着本书看的，绝少。
曾经看到过一条新闻，陈丹青和梁文道谈论读书话题。陈丹青说，在公共场所尤其是公交系统，欧洲许多国家和日本几乎一半人都在看书，而不是看报纸，有的时候满车厢的人都在看书，像课堂一样。梁文道则说，在香港，途中读书的人会让人有点奇怪。比如搭地铁，如果拿着本书看，你就是这个车厢里面最怪的人。别人会觉得你怎么那么怪，为什么会看书？但是反过来，你要拿一个文件或合同很认真地看，这就是很正确的。你可以在地铁里面看东西，但必须是跟生意有关的。
只是说事，不做评价。
2009年7月20日星期一
和负累一刀两断
冯雪梅
中青在线－中国青年报
在道德的字典里，爱情往往是崇高的同义词——毫无保留的付出，不计回报的奉献，专门利人、奋不顾己。激情的瞬间迸发，足以让一个人抵挡整个世界。遭遇爱情之时，我们或多或少都有如此的期待，谁不希望爱情纯粹、完美，如璀璨烟火，刹那点亮夜空？可惜我们都是凡夫俗子，才智平常，能力有限，勇气和优长与怯懦和缺陷并存。我们以为能担负得起的高尚，可能往往只是想象。
爱人、伴侣或者爱情，通常只承担有限责任，他们远不是我们所认为的那样无所不能。要知道，权利和义务对等，任何一种爱抑或责任，只要超越边界，就将成为无法承受之重。
可惜，爱情降临时的强大推动力，赋予我们超人的能量，让我们以足够的勇气承担重任。当激情暂时退却，算计思量爬上心头，崇高又阻止我们全身而退。为爱担当和付出，即便举步维艰也要咬牙坚持。
方小芳坚持了15年，原先的理由只有一个字“爱”。随后，爱变成责任；再随后，责任变成习惯，习惯成为负担。她知道自己已经担负不起，但在年年岁岁习已为常的日子里，在好妻子、好儿媳、好母亲的赞誉里，在自身害怕变数、犹豫不决的懦弱里，她已如一列不堪负重的列车，尽管去向并不想要的目的地，却也只能一往无前。紧急刹车或者改变路径，都得付出代价。很多时候，选择改变，选择卸载，要比沿着既定的轨迹滑行更需要勇气。路径依赖培养惰性，同时也带给人安全感，这可比种种未知的不确定性靠得住！
方小芳只想当一个好爱人。就像所有感动人心的爱情故事那样，在困顿中给予支持，在迷惑中给予帮助，在懈怠时给予关爱，在失望时给予鼓励。这些都没错，只是，当这些扶助、支撑和关爱，超过力所能及的范围，就会让人气喘咻咻，疲惫不堪。陷身情网的方小芳，曾经以为凭着爱，一切皆有可能（恋爱中的每个人，又何尝不是在多巴胺的作用下，能力非凡呢），可冷酷的现实告诉她，一己之力所能改变的，实在太有限。因为不求回报的付出，毫无条件的让步，想方设法的努力，使得方小芳只能竭尽全力实现某种要求和愿望，而不是提出要求和愿望，只能被动朝某个目标前进，而不是中途退出，或者在一开始就明确要求放弃。
爱情中的，是两个对等的人，谁都不是谁的救命稻草。过多的付出或者给予，太重的责任或者代价，只能让伴侣关系失衡，而我们时常意识不到两性关系中的微妙平衡。以爱的名义，我们寄厚望于对方（往往脱离实际），同时在殷切的目光里，扮演“超我”。
一个男人对一个女人说：你是我的唯一。男人正遭遇事业、情感和生活的低潮，在强撑着的坚强背后，透出一碰即碎的脆弱。通常，这种无助很能打动女人——别以为女人没有英雄情结，韧性和执著让她们具备超常的承受力，随时可以为爱的需要挺身而出。
他将摆脱原先生活不幸的动力，将对未来种种构想的希冀，都寄托在她身上。她的头上，戴着天使的光环，熠熠生辉、美丽动人，让她脱离小女人的软弱、冲动、任性和犹疑。一方面，她是救世主，要能拯救一个人于水火，担待他的过失，永远给他以支持；另一方面，她是甜美可人的安琪儿，招之即来呼之即去，温情脉脉，毫无怨言。
她怀揣着改变一个人生活的念想——他是那么需要她，这足够给她勇气和力量，无知无畏地走进他的生活。对他的父母、女儿、亲友，还有不再露面却时时施加影响的前妻而言，她都是一个外来的入侵者，他们的生活经验和她的，泾渭分明、格格不入。不是不应该妥协，爱本身就是一种妥协，只是，当这种妥协到了失去自我的程度，他所爱的，真是原先那个鲜活生动、个性分明的人么？
爱情是踮起脚尖就能够到的幸福，不是天边遥不可及的梦想。我们可以不断提升自我，不断成长，但总有一些事情让我们力所不能及。不要奢望对方能满足你所有的要求，更不要将自己的一生一世、所有的得失成败，都寄托在一个人身上。那也是一个如你一样的凡人，会懦弱，会气馁，会逃避，渴望心性自由地生长。
爱有可能成为负累，让人承受不起，我们有权利选择与之一刀两断。一个心智成熟的女人（男人），最终分辨得清爱情的得失—不是锱铢必较的患得患失，而是客观可行性的权衡；不是冲动之下的意气用事，而是冷静的利弊分析。
最重要的是，在我们决定承受爱的责任之前，一定想清楚，自己是否有能力（包括经验、才智、心性、财力等等一切物质和精神的）面对变故、担负压力、举重若轻。
中青在线－中国青年报
在道德的字典里，爱情往往是崇高的同义词——毫无保留的付出，不计回报的奉献，专门利人、奋不顾己。激情的瞬间迸发，足以让一个人抵挡整个世界。遭遇爱情之时，我们或多或少都有如此的期待，谁不希望爱情纯粹、完美，如璀璨烟火，刹那点亮夜空？可惜我们都是凡夫俗子，才智平常，能力有限，勇气和优长与怯懦和缺陷并存。我们以为能担负得起的高尚，可能往往只是想象。
爱人、伴侣或者爱情，通常只承担有限责任，他们远不是我们所认为的那样无所不能。要知道，权利和义务对等，任何一种爱抑或责任，只要超越边界，就将成为无法承受之重。
可惜，爱情降临时的强大推动力，赋予我们超人的能量，让我们以足够的勇气承担重任。当激情暂时退却，算计思量爬上心头，崇高又阻止我们全身而退。为爱担当和付出，即便举步维艰也要咬牙坚持。
方小芳坚持了15年，原先的理由只有一个字“爱”。随后，爱变成责任；再随后，责任变成习惯，习惯成为负担。她知道自己已经担负不起，但在年年岁岁习已为常的日子里，在好妻子、好儿媳、好母亲的赞誉里，在自身害怕变数、犹豫不决的懦弱里，她已如一列不堪负重的列车，尽管去向并不想要的目的地，却也只能一往无前。紧急刹车或者改变路径，都得付出代价。很多时候，选择改变，选择卸载，要比沿着既定的轨迹滑行更需要勇气。路径依赖培养惰性，同时也带给人安全感，这可比种种未知的不确定性靠得住！
方小芳只想当一个好爱人。就像所有感动人心的爱情故事那样，在困顿中给予支持，在迷惑中给予帮助，在懈怠时给予关爱，在失望时给予鼓励。这些都没错，只是，当这些扶助、支撑和关爱，超过力所能及的范围，就会让人气喘咻咻，疲惫不堪。陷身情网的方小芳，曾经以为凭着爱，一切皆有可能（恋爱中的每个人，又何尝不是在多巴胺的作用下，能力非凡呢），可冷酷的现实告诉她，一己之力所能改变的，实在太有限。因为不求回报的付出，毫无条件的让步，想方设法的努力，使得方小芳只能竭尽全力实现某种要求和愿望，而不是提出要求和愿望，只能被动朝某个目标前进，而不是中途退出，或者在一开始就明确要求放弃。
爱情中的，是两个对等的人，谁都不是谁的救命稻草。过多的付出或者给予，太重的责任或者代价，只能让伴侣关系失衡，而我们时常意识不到两性关系中的微妙平衡。以爱的名义，我们寄厚望于对方（往往脱离实际），同时在殷切的目光里，扮演“超我”。
一个男人对一个女人说：你是我的唯一。男人正遭遇事业、情感和生活的低潮，在强撑着的坚强背后，透出一碰即碎的脆弱。通常，这种无助很能打动女人——别以为女人没有英雄情结，韧性和执著让她们具备超常的承受力，随时可以为爱的需要挺身而出。
他将摆脱原先生活不幸的动力，将对未来种种构想的希冀，都寄托在她身上。她的头上，戴着天使的光环，熠熠生辉、美丽动人，让她脱离小女人的软弱、冲动、任性和犹疑。一方面，她是救世主，要能拯救一个人于水火，担待他的过失，永远给他以支持；另一方面，她是甜美可人的安琪儿，招之即来呼之即去，温情脉脉，毫无怨言。
她怀揣着改变一个人生活的念想——他是那么需要她，这足够给她勇气和力量，无知无畏地走进他的生活。对他的父母、女儿、亲友，还有不再露面却时时施加影响的前妻而言，她都是一个外来的入侵者，他们的生活经验和她的，泾渭分明、格格不入。不是不应该妥协，爱本身就是一种妥协，只是，当这种妥协到了失去自我的程度，他所爱的，真是原先那个鲜活生动、个性分明的人么？
爱情是踮起脚尖就能够到的幸福，不是天边遥不可及的梦想。我们可以不断提升自我，不断成长，但总有一些事情让我们力所不能及。不要奢望对方能满足你所有的要求，更不要将自己的一生一世、所有的得失成败，都寄托在一个人身上。那也是一个如你一样的凡人，会懦弱，会气馁，会逃避，渴望心性自由地生长。
爱有可能成为负累，让人承受不起，我们有权利选择与之一刀两断。一个心智成熟的女人（男人），最终分辨得清爱情的得失—不是锱铢必较的患得患失，而是客观可行性的权衡；不是冲动之下的意气用事，而是冷静的利弊分析。
最重要的是，在我们决定承受爱的责任之前，一定想清楚，自己是否有能力（包括经验、才智、心性、财力等等一切物质和精神的）面对变故、担负压力、举重若轻。
2009年6月25日星期四
话题：法国第一夫人回眸一笑卫兵瘫软倒地(图)
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网易四川成都网友[dfd](202.115.*.*) 的原贴： 33
范跑跑都要当诸侯
网易贵州毕节网友 [mpy1976] 的原贴： 34
布吕尼 十七回头
网易浙江丽水网友 [lly22] 的原贴： 35
太监都要翘翘头
网易浙江丽水网友 [lly22] 的原贴： 36
布吕尼 十八回头
网易北京门头沟网友[4234](222.129.*.*) 的原贴： 37
美女瞬间变骷髅
网易四川乐山网友 [em_xhr] 的原贴： 38
布吕尼 十九回头
网易福建福州网友 [163xzxz] 的原贴： 39
萨科齐挥泪斩归头
网易辽宁大连网友 [tommyxushuli] 的原贴： 40
布吕尼 二十回头
网易四川成都网友[110](222.209.*.*) 的原贴： 41
日晚挥刀来自宫
网易北京网友(124.193.*.*) 的原贴： 42
布吕尼 二十一回头
网易浙江宁波网友[huzhen102](220.189.*.*) 的原贴： 43
天上的星星参北斗...
网易四川成都网友[SPEAR](218.88.*.*) 的原贴： 44
布吕尼 二十二回头
网易山东济南网友[11](60.216.*.*) 的原贴： 45
和尚洗头用飘柔
网易广东揭阳网友[拽着红杏出墙](125.91.*.*) 的原贴： 46
布吕尼 二十三回头
网易广东广州网友[benny43](121.33.*.*) 的原贴： 47
蚊子学会狮子吼
网易吉林网友 [ioyou0707] 的原贴： 48
布吕尼 二十四回头
网易黑龙江佳木斯网友[鹅鹅鹅](222.172.*.*) 的原贴： 49
老萨枪头流出脓
话题：朝鲜威胁让美国从地球上消失 美国防部称愚蠢
网易四川广安网友 [lei6232621]： 2009-06-25 18:37:25 发表
网易广东广州番禺网友[YY强过](218.19.*.*) 的原贴： 1
我是这样想的——挖个大通道，把太平洋的水引流进去，淹掉美国！！！
网易广东广州网友[↑](61.140.*.*) 的原贴： 2
楼上太不现实了，我是这样想的——用抽气机把美国的空气抽过来，让它窒息而亡！！！
网易新疆乌鲁木齐网友[!](222.60.*.*) 的原贴： 3
我是这样想的——把太阳挡住，不管地球怎么转都不让美国晒伤太阳。冻死他！
网易广东深圳福田网友 [有爹才好长] 的原贴： 4
我是这样想的，我让中*国大哥灭了你们。
网易江苏南京网友[njgexin](58.217.*.*) 的原贴： 5
我是这样想的——把所有天下下的雨全下到美国去，淹死它！！！
网易北京网友 [loftguy] 的原贴： 6
我是这样想的--派1000个带艾滋的美女特工，在5年内彻底清除美国人
网易广东深圳网友[222222](116.7.*.*) 的原贴： 7
我是这样想的，把全球的石油送到美国，点燃石油烧死美国佬
网易江西九江网友[wzhrm819](218.87.*.*) 的原贴： 8
我是这样想的,大家反复去美国公费旅游，回来时带把土，让美国变成海。
网易贵州遵义网友[lzchang8768](222.87.*.*) 的原贴： 9
这个方案很有创意，而且也可能是很现实而有效的办法！支持！
网易辽宁大连网友[eeee](60.20.*.*) 的原贴： 10
我是ye这样想的,大家反复去美国公费旅游，每个人干一个美国女人，让美国人后代变成华人。
网易浙江温州网友[jytdb](218.73.*.*) 的原贴： 11
讨论一下万一老美给灭了，世界该谁坐庄！
网易广东深圳宝安网友[蒙娜丽沙](219.133.*.*) 的原贴： 12
那还用说。当然是我中老大哟！
网易湖南长沙网友[15181](222.240.*.*) 的原贴： 13
中国去死吧
网易河南郑州网友 [skytrooper11] 的原贴： 14
我是这样想的，咱们都冲着地球那边打喷嚏，给丫搞细菌战，病死他们
网易湖北武汉网友[dfzz](59.175.*.*) 的原贴： 15
我是这样想的，派中国2000只精英城管，战无不胜。
网易浙江杭州网友 [gaochen19861] 的原贴： 16
2000城管会不会太多噢
网易浙江金华网友[wyplzyh](218.0.*.*) 的原贴： 17
15楼太残忍了
网易山东临沂网友[wuqinb](221.2.*.*) 的原贴： 18
15楼不按套路出牌啊
网易四川达州网友 [huang_089] 的原贴： 19
希望城管对美籍华人下手轻点就行了，
网易河南郑州网友[chuanshuozhikui(125.40.*.*) 的原贴： 20
15楼简直不是人！
网易天津网友[zhaochangqian](218.67.*.*) 的原贴： 21
2000个城管够毁灭美国十几次了，相当残忍！
网易广东东莞网友[ccg2000510](119.127.*.*) 的原贴： 22
毁灭的时候请文明执法，不要外伤，不要给记者拍到
网易北京网友 [lrhaf] 的原贴： 23
对让他们全部是被自杀的。
网易浙江嘉兴网友 [nimabwy163] 的原贴： 24
你们那些都不现实，真的，要我说派一个县的公务员过去，1年后美国经济完了那不就不牛B了吗，这叫兵不血刃。
网易四川眉山网友[1](218.89.*.*) 的原贴： 25
我是这样想的，让中国男足全部加入美国籍，天天让美国人看这群人踢球，恶心死他们
网易广西河池网友[1](202.103.*.*) 的原贴： 26
路过
网易福建泉州网友 [kvgnt] 的原贴： 27
我是来顶24楼的
网易辽宁大连网友 [黄金の太阳] 的原贴： 28
我 KAO!!!这个更 牛!!!!!牛人年年有,今年特别多!!!!
以上全是 天才!!! 老子佩服 的 五体投地!!!!
网易北京朝阳网友 [reiljuin8892] 的原贴： 29
综上所述，让城关去米国当公务员即可……
网易北京网友[123](124.193.*.*) 的原贴： 30
15楼简直不是人类，这么残忍的事也能想出来，美国再可恨也没可恨到那个程度吧？
网易浙江丽水网友[111](60.184.*.*) 的原贴： 31
哈怕
网易广东深圳宝安网友[0755](219.133.*.*) 的原贴： 32
15楼让我吃不下饭.你可要负有不可推卸的责任哦!
网易辽宁铁岭网友[雷死他们](123.244.*.*) 的原贴： 33
我是这样想滴__派录 军过去大说一通雷 死美 国人...~
:))
网易北京网友[beijintea](219.142.*.*) 的原贴： 34
我支持8楼
我支持8楼
我支持8楼
网易安徽网友[小李0947](117.70.*.*) 的原贴： 35
15楼你那样弄的不好会毁灭地球的
网易广东深圳网友[杨成勇](121.15.*.*) 的原贴： 36
我支持35楼的这位兄弟，天天给美国人讲笑话，让他们一个个笑死
网易上海徐汇网友[123](116.232.*.*) 的原贴： 37
我是这样想的：叫他们来买中国股票，让他们亏死
网易广东广州番禺网友[YY强过](218.19.*.*) 的原贴： 1
我是这样想的——挖个大通道，把太平洋的水引流进去，淹掉美国！！！
网易广东广州网友[↑](61.140.*.*) 的原贴： 2
楼上太不现实了，我是这样想的——用抽气机把美国的空气抽过来，让它窒息而亡！！！
网易新疆乌鲁木齐网友[!](222.60.*.*) 的原贴： 3
我是这样想的——把太阳挡住，不管地球怎么转都不让美国晒伤太阳。冻死他！
网易广东深圳福田网友 [有爹才好长] 的原贴： 4
我是这样想的，我让中*国大哥灭了你们。
网易江苏南京网友[njgexin](58.217.*.*) 的原贴： 5
我是这样想的——把所有天下下的雨全下到美国去，淹死它！！！
网易北京网友 [loftguy] 的原贴： 6
我是这样想的--派1000个带艾滋的美女特工，在5年内彻底清除美国人
网易广东深圳网友[222222](116.7.*.*) 的原贴： 7
我是这样想的，把全球的石油送到美国，点燃石油烧死美国佬
网易江西九江网友[wzhrm819](218.87.*.*) 的原贴： 8
我是这样想的,大家反复去美国公费旅游，回来时带把土，让美国变成海。
网易贵州遵义网友[lzchang8768](222.87.*.*) 的原贴： 9
这个方案很有创意，而且也可能是很现实而有效的办法！支持！
网易辽宁大连网友[eeee](60.20.*.*) 的原贴： 10
我是ye这样想的,大家反复去美国公费旅游，每个人干一个美国女人，让美国人后代变成华人。
网易浙江温州网友[jytdb](218.73.*.*) 的原贴： 11
讨论一下万一老美给灭了，世界该谁坐庄！
网易广东深圳宝安网友[蒙娜丽沙](219.133.*.*) 的原贴： 12
那还用说。当然是我中老大哟！
网易湖南长沙网友[15181](222.240.*.*) 的原贴： 13
中国去死吧
网易河南郑州网友 [skytrooper11] 的原贴： 14
我是这样想的，咱们都冲着地球那边打喷嚏，给丫搞细菌战，病死他们
网易湖北武汉网友[dfzz](59.175.*.*) 的原贴： 15
我是这样想的，派中国2000只精英城管，战无不胜。
网易浙江杭州网友 [gaochen19861] 的原贴： 16
2000城管会不会太多噢
网易浙江金华网友[wyplzyh](218.0.*.*) 的原贴： 17
15楼太残忍了
网易山东临沂网友[wuqinb](221.2.*.*) 的原贴： 18
15楼不按套路出牌啊
网易四川达州网友 [huang_089] 的原贴： 19
希望城管对美籍华人下手轻点就行了，
网易河南郑州网友[chuanshuozhikui(125.40.*.*) 的原贴： 20
15楼简直不是人！
网易天津网友[zhaochangqian](218.67.*.*) 的原贴： 21
2000个城管够毁灭美国十几次了，相当残忍！
网易广东东莞网友[ccg2000510](119.127.*.*) 的原贴： 22
毁灭的时候请文明执法，不要外伤，不要给记者拍到
网易北京网友 [lrhaf] 的原贴： 23
对让他们全部是被自杀的。
网易浙江嘉兴网友 [nimabwy163] 的原贴： 24
你们那些都不现实，真的，要我说派一个县的公务员过去，1年后美国经济完了那不就不牛B了吗，这叫兵不血刃。
网易四川眉山网友[1](218.89.*.*) 的原贴： 25
我是这样想的，让中国男足全部加入美国籍，天天让美国人看这群人踢球，恶心死他们
网易广西河池网友[1](202.103.*.*) 的原贴： 26
路过
网易福建泉州网友 [kvgnt] 的原贴： 27
我是来顶24楼的
网易辽宁大连网友 [黄金の太阳] 的原贴： 28
我 KAO!!!这个更 牛!!!!!牛人年年有,今年特别多!!!!
以上全是 天才!!! 老子佩服 的 五体投地!!!!
网易北京朝阳网友 [reiljuin8892] 的原贴： 29
综上所述，让城关去米国当公务员即可……
网易北京网友[123](124.193.*.*) 的原贴： 30
15楼简直不是人类，这么残忍的事也能想出来，美国再可恨也没可恨到那个程度吧？
网易浙江丽水网友[111](60.184.*.*) 的原贴： 31
哈怕
网易广东深圳宝安网友[0755](219.133.*.*) 的原贴： 32
15楼让我吃不下饭.你可要负有不可推卸的责任哦!
网易辽宁铁岭网友[雷死他们](123.244.*.*) 的原贴： 33
我是这样想滴__派录 军过去大说一通雷 死美 国人...~
:))
网易北京网友[beijintea](219.142.*.*) 的原贴： 34
我支持8楼
我支持8楼
我支持8楼
网易安徽网友[小李0947](117.70.*.*) 的原贴： 35
15楼你那样弄的不好会毁灭地球的
网易广东深圳网友[杨成勇](121.15.*.*) 的原贴： 36
我支持35楼的这位兄弟，天天给美国人讲笑话，让他们一个个笑死
网易上海徐汇网友[123](116.232.*.*) 的原贴： 37
我是这样想的：叫他们来买中国股票，让他们亏死
2009年6月11日星期四
List of References on Agent Based Land Use Simulations
As part of the 2004 RELU project on rural land use in the UK, we are reviewing agent-based simulations of land use. We are particularly interested in models which integrate social and ecological factors. We are trying to collect all the publications on this topic and have so far compiled the list below of 41 references.
If you know of any relevant models we have not included please could you email the details to us at ablum@hotmail.co.uk. We will update the list and hopefully leave a useful resource for anyone interested in this topic.
Many thanks for your help,
Dr Robin Matthews and Alan Roach
Agent Based Land Use Models Reference List
Axtell R et al (1999). Understanding Anasazi Culture Change Through Agent-Based Modelling. Dynamics in Human Primate Societies. T. Kohler and G. Gumerman.
Balmann, A., K. Happe, et al. (2003). Adjustment costs of agri-environmental policy switching: an agent-based analysis of the German region Hohenlohe. Complexity and ecosystem management: The theory and practice of multiagent systems. M. Janessen.
Barreteau, O. and F. Bousquet (2000). "SHADOC; a multi-agent model to tackle viability of irrigated systems,." Annals of operations research.
Becu, N., P. Perez, et al. (2003). "Agent based simulation of a small catchment water management in northern Thailand: description of the CATCHSCAPE model." Ecological Modelling.
Berger, T. (2001). "Agent-based spatial models applied to agriculture: a simulation tool for technology diffusion, resource use changes and policy analysis." Agricultural economics.
Bousquet, F. and C. Page ( 2004). "Multi-agent simulations and ecosystem management: a review,." Ecological Modelling.
Bousquet, F., R. Lifran, et al. (2001). "Agent based modelling, game theory and natural resource management issues." JASSS.
Bousquet F et al (2002). Multi-agent systems and role games: collective learning processes for ecosystem management. Complexity and ecosystem management: The theory and practice of multiagent systems. M. Janessen.
Box, P. (2002). Spatial Units as Agents: Making the Landscape an equal player in Agent-based Simulations. Integrating GIS and agent-based modelling techniques. H. Gimblett, Santa Fe.
Deadman, P. (1999). "Modelling individual behaviour and group performance in an intelligent agent-based simulation of the tragedy of the commons." Journal of Environmental Management.
Deffuant, G., S. Huet, et al. (2002). Agent-based simulation of organic farming conversion in Allier departement. Complexity and ecosystem management: The theory and practice of multiagent systems. M. Janessen.
Duke-Sylvester, S. and L. Gross (2002). Integrating spatial data into an agent-based modelling system: Ideas and lessons from the development of the across trophic level system simulation. Integrating GIS and agent-based modelling techniques. H. Gimblett, Santa Fe.
Etienne, M. (2003). "SYLVOPAST: a multiple target role-playing game to assess negotiation processes in sylvopastroal management planning." JASSS.
Etienne, M., C. Le Page, et al. (2003). "A step-by-step approach to building land management scenarios based on multiple viewpoints on multi-agent system simulations." JASSS.
Evan, T. and H. Kelley (2004). "Multi-scale analysis of a household level agent-based model of landcover change." Journal of environmental management.
FIRMA (2003). Participatory Integrated Assessment in Five Case Studies, http://firma.cfpm.org/reports.html.
Gimblett, H. (2002). Integrating GIS and agent-based technologies for modelling and simulating social and ecological phenomena. Integrating GIS and agent-based modelling techniques. G. H, Santa Fe.
Gotts, N., J. Pollihill, et al. (2002). "Aspiration levels in a land use simulation (FEARLUS),." WIP.
Gotts, N., J. Pollihill, et al. (2002). "Dynamics of imitation in a land use simulation (FEARLUS)." WIP.
Gotts, N., J. Pollihill, et al. (2002). "FEARLUS-W: An agent-based model of river basin land use and water management,." WIP.
Hare, M. and P. Deadman (2004). "Further towards a taxonomy of agent-based simulation models in environmental management,." Mathematics and computers in simulation.
Harper, S., J. Westervelt, et al. (2002). Management Application of an agent-based model: Control of Cowbirds at the Landscape Scale. Integrating GIS and agent-based modelling techniques. H. Gimblett, Santa Fe.
Hoffman, M., H. Kelley, et al. (2002). Simulating land-cover change in South-Central Indiana: an agent-based model of deforestation and afforestation. Complexity and ecosystem management: The theory and practice of multiagent systems. M. Janessen.
Huigen, M. (2004). "First principles of the MameLuke multi-actor modelling framework for land-use change, illustrated with a Philippine case study." Journal of environmental management.
Janssen, M., B. Walker, et al. (2000). "An adaptive agent model for analysing co-evolution of management and policies in a complex rangeland system,." Ecological Modelling.
Janssen, M. (2001). "An exploratory integrated model to assess management of lake eutrophication." Ecological Modelling.
Kohler T et al (1999). Be there then: A modelling approach to settlement determinants and spatial efficiency among late ancestral pueblo populations of the Messa Verde region US southwest. Dynamics in Human Primate Societies. T. Kohler and G. Gumerman.
Ligtenberg, A., M. Wachowicz, et al. (2004). "A design and application of a multi-agent system for simulation of multi-actor spatial planning." Journal of environmental management.
Lynam, T. (2002). Scientific measurements and villagers' knowledge: an integrative multi-agent model from the semi-arid areas of Zimbabwe. Complexity and ecosystem management: The theory and practice of multiagent systems. M. Janessen.
Mathews, R. (2004). "PALM: An agent-based spatial model of livelihood generation and resource flows in rural households and their environment,." WIP.
Mathews, R. and C. Pilbeam (2004). "Modelling the long term sustainability of maize/millet cropping systems in the mid-hills of Nepal,." WIP.
Nute, D. (2004). "NED-2: an agent based decision support system for forest ecosystem management." Environmental modelling and software.
Otter H, d. V. A., and de Vriend H, (2001). "ABLOoM: Location behaviour, spatial patterns and agent-based modelling." JASSS.
Parker, D., T. Berger, et al., Eds. (2001). Agent-Based Models of Land-Use and Land-Cover Change: Report and Review of an International Workshop. Indiana, Indiana University.
Parker, D., S. Manson, et al. (2003). "Multi-agents systems for the simulation of land-use and land-cover change: A review." Annals of the Association of American Geographers.
Parker, D. and V. Maretsky (2004). "Measuring pattern outcomes in an agent-based model of edge-effect externalities using spatial metrics." Agriculture, ecosystems and environment.
Rajan, K. and R. Shibasaki (1999). "Model Simulated land use/Cover changes in Thailand-results from AGENT-LUC model." www.gisdevelopment.net/aars/acrs/1999/ts5/ts5207.shtml.
Rouchier, J., F. Bousquet, et al. (2001). "A multi-agent model for describing transhumanance in North Cameroon: Comparison of different rationality to develop a routine." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control.
Sander, L., D. Pumain, et al. (1997). "SIMPOP: a multiagent system for the study of urbanisation." Environment and Planning B.
Torrens, P. (2001). "Can geocomputation save urban simulation?" WIP.
Turner II et al (2001). "Deforestation in the southern Yucatan peninsular region: an integrative approach." Forest ecology and management.
In the Simsoc list, Dawn Parker of GMU then posted this message (2005-01-25) and a fine list of things. You list looks fairly complete. I have an extensive bibliography with some additional references available on my course web site "Spatial agent-based models of human-environment interactions":
http://mason.gmu.edu/~dparker3/spat_abm/spat_abm.html
http://mason.gmu.edu/~dparker3/spat_abm/abm_he.enl
http://mason.gmu.edu/~dparker3/spat_abm/abm_he.pdf
And, here is the complete bibliography from a forthcoming chapter, "Integration of Geographic Information Systems and Agent-Based Models of Land Use: Prospects and Challenges," forthcoming in the ESRI press book “GIS, Spatial Analysis and Modeling,†David J. Maguire, Michael F. Goodchild and Michael Batty, Editors.
There is a more complete version of this bibliography that I can send you if you like, in endnote or text format.
Agarwal, C., G. M. Green, J. M. Grove, T. Evans, and C. Schweik. 2002. A review and assessment of land-use change models: Dynamics of space, time, and human choice. Burlington, VT: USDA Forest Service Northeastern Forest Research Station Publication NE-297. http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/newtown_square/publications/technical_reports/ pdfs/2002/gtrne297.pdf.
Anas, A., R. Arnott, and K. A. Small. 1998. Urban spatial structure. Journal of Economic Literature 36 (3): 1426-1464
Angelsen, A., and D. Kaimowitz. 1998. Rethinking the causes of tropical deforestation: Lessons from economic models. The World Bank Research Observer 14 (1): 73-98. http://www.worldbank.org/research/journals/wbro/obsfeb99/pdf/ article4.pdf.
Anselin, L. 1988. Spatial econometrics: Methods and models. Kluwer Academic, Studies in Operational Regional Science series, Norwell, MA; London and Dordrecht
—. 2002. Under the hood: Issues in the specification and interpretation of spatial regression models. Agricultural Economics 27 (3): 247-267
Aquino (d'), P., C. Le Page, F. Bousquet, and A. Bah. 2003. Using self-designed role-playing games and a multi-agent system to empower a local decision-making process for land use management: The selfcormas experiment in Senegal. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 6 (3). .
Balmann, A. 1997. Farm-based modelling of regional structural change. European Review of Agricultural Economics 25 (1): 85-108
Balmann, A., K. Happe, K. Kellermann, and A. Kleingarn. 2003. Adjustment costs of agri-environmental policy switchings: A multi-agent approach in M. A. Janssen, ed. Complexity and Ecosystem Management: The Theory and Practice of Multi-agent Approaches. Edward Elgar Publishers, Cheltenham, U.K.; Northampton, MA
Becu, N., P. Perez, B. Walker, O. Barreteau, and C. Le Page. 2003. Agent-based simulation of a small catchment water management in northern Thailand: Description of the catchscape model. Ecological Modelling 170 (2-3): 319-331
Benenson, I., S. Aronovich, and S. Noam. forthcoming. Let's talk objects: Generic methodology for urban high-resolution simulation. Computers, Environment, and Urban Systems
Benenson, I., and P. Torrens. 2004. Geosimulation: Automata-Based Modeling of Urban Phenomena. John Wiley & Sons, London
Berger, T. 2001. Agent-based spatial models applied to agriculture: A simulation tool for technology diffusion, resource use changes, and policy analysis. Agricultural Economics 25 (2-3): 245-260
Berger, T., and D. C. Parker. 2002. Introduction to Specific Examples of Research. Meeting the Challenge of Complexity: Proceedings of the Special Workshop on Agent-Based Models of Land-Use/Land-Cover Change. CIPEC/CSISS, Santa Barbara. http://www.csiss.org/maslucc/ABM-LUCC.htm.
Berry, B. J. L., L. D. Kiel, and E. Elliot. 2002. Adaptive agents, intelligence, and emergent human organization: Capturing complexity through agent-based modeling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99 (Supplement 3): 7178-7188
Boissau, S., and J. C. Castella. 2003. Constructing a common representation of local institutions and land use systems through simulation-gaming and multi-agent modeling in rural areas of northern Vietnam: The SAMBA-Week methodology. Simulations and Gaming 34 (3): 342-347
Bousquet, F., F. O. Barreteau, P. d'Aquino, M. Etienne, S. Boissau, S. Auber, C. L. Page, D. Babin, and J. C. Castella. 2003. Multi-agent systems and role games: An approach for ecosystem co-management in M. A. Janssen, ed. Multi-Agent Approaches for Ecosystem Management. Edward Elgar Publishers, Cheltenham, U.K.; Northampton, MA
Bousquet, F., and D. Gautier. 1998. Comparaison de deux approches de modélisation des dynamiques spatiales par simulation multi-agents : Les approches spatiales et acteurs. CyberGéo 89. http://193.55.107.45/modelis/bousquet/bousquet.htm.
Bousquet, F., and C. Le Page. 2004. Multi-agent simulations and ecosystem management: A review. Ecological Modelling 76 (3-4): 313-332
Bousquet, F., C. Le Page, M. Antona, and P. Guizol. 2000. Ecological scales and use rights: The use of multiagent systems. Paper presented in the Forest and society : The role of research. Sub-plenary session XXI. IUFRO World Congress 2000, Kuala Lumpur.
Bousquet, F., C. LePage, I. Bakam, and A. Takforyan. 2001. Multi-agent simulations of hunting wild meat in a village in eastern Cameroon. Ecological Modelling 138 (1-3): 331-346
Briassoulis, H. 1999. Analysis of Land Use Change: Theoretical and Modeling Approaches. Regional Research Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV. http://www.rri.wvu.edu/WebBook/Briassoulis/contents.htm.
Brown, D., M. North, D. Robinson, R. Riolo, and W. Rand. forthcoming-a. Spatial process and data models: Toward integration of agent-based models and GIS. Journal of Geographic Systems
Brown, D., R. Riolo, D. Robinson, W. Rand, M. North, and K. Johnston. 2004. Toward integration of spatial data models and agent-based process models. Paper presented in the GIScience 2004: Third International Conference on Geographic Information Science, University of Maryland Conference Center.
Brown, D. G., S. E. Page, R. Riolo, M. Zellner, and R. W. forthcoming-b. Path dependence and the validation of agent-based spatial models of land use. International Journal of Geographic Information Systems
Caruso, G., M. Rounsevell, and G. Cojocaru. Forthcoming. Exploring a spatio-dynamic neighbourhood-based model of residential behaviour in the Brussels periurban area. International Journal of Geographical Information Science
Deadman, P., D. Robinson, E. Moran, and E. Brondizio. forthcoming. Effects of colonist household structure on land-use change in the Amazon rainforest: An agent-based simulation approach. Environment and Planning B
Dibble, C., and P. G. Feldman. 2004. The GeoGraph 3D Computational Laboratory: Network and Terrain Landscapes for RePast. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 7 (1). http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/7/1/7.html.
Ducrot, R., C. Le Page, P. Bommel, and M. Kuper. 2004. Articulating land and water dynamics with urbanization:an attempt to model natural resources management at the urban edge. Computers, Environment, and Urban Systems 28 (1-2): 85-106
Epstein, J. M., and R. Axtell. 1996. Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science from the Ground Up. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
Etienne, M. 2003a. Sylvopast: A multiple target role-playing game to assess negotiation processes in sylvopastoral management planning. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 6 (2). http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/6/2/5.html.
Etienne, M., Le Page, C. and Cohen, M. 2003b. A step-by-step approach to building land management scenarios based on multiple viewpoints on multi-agent system simulations. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social SImulation 6 (2). http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/6/2/2.html.
Evans, T. P., and H. Kelley. 2004. Multi-scale analysis of a household level agent-based model of landcover change. Journal of Environmental Management 72 (1-2): 57-72
Feuillette, S., F. Bousquet, and P. Le Goulven. 2003. Sinuse: A multi-agent model to negotiate water demand management on a free access water table. Environmental Modelling and Software 18 (5): 413-427
Fleming, M. 2004. Techniques for Estimating Spatially Dependent Discrete Choice Models in L. Anselin and R. J. G. M. Florax, eds. Advances in Spatial Econometrics. Springer, New York
Fowler, M., and K. Scott. 2000. UML Distilled: A Brief Guide to the Standard Object Modeling Laguage. Addison Wesley Longman, Reading, MA
Geist, H., and E. F. Lambin. 2002. Proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation. Bioscience 52 (2): 143-150
Gimblett, H. R., ed. 2002a. Integrating Geographic Information Systems and Agent-Based Modeling Techniques for Simulating Social and Ecological Processes. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
—. 2002b. Integrating Geographic Information Systems and agent-based technologies for modeling and simulating social and ecological phenomena. Pages 1-20 in H. R. Gimblett, ed. Integrating Geographic Information Systems and Agent-Based Modeling Techniques for Simulating Social and Ecological Processes. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
Gimblett, H. R., M. T. Richards, and R. Itami. 2002. Simulating wildland recreation use and conflicting spatial interactions using rule-driven agents. Pages 211-244 in H. R. Gimblett, ed. Integrating Geographic Information Systems and Agent-Based Modeling Techniques for Simulating Social and Ecological Processes. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
Gimblett, H. R., C. A. Roberts, T. C. Daniel, M. Ratcliff, M. Meitner, S. Cherry, D. Stallman, R. Bogle, D. K. Allerd, and J. Bieri. 2002. An intelligent agent model for simulating and evaluating river trip scenarios along the Colorado River in Grand Canyon National Park. Pages 245-276 in H. R. Gimblett, ed. Integrating Geographic Information Systems and Agent-Based Modeling Techniques for Simulating Social and Ecological Processes. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
Gonçalves, A. S., A. Rodrigues, and L. Correia. 2004. Multi-Agent Simulation within Geographic Information Systems. Paper presented in the 5th Workshop on Agent-Based Simulation, ABS04, May, Lisbon, Portugal.
Gotts, N. M. G., J. G. Polhill, and A. N. R. Law. 2003. Aspiration levels in a land use simulation. Cybernetics and Systems 34 (8): 663-683
Grimm, V., and S. F. Railsback. forthcoming. Chapter 1: Introduction in V. Grimm and S. F. Railsback, eds. Individual-based Modeling and Ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
Harper, S. J., J. D. Westervelt, and A.-M. Trame. 2002. Management application of an agent-based model: Control of cowbirds at the landscape scale in H. R. Gimblett, ed. Integrating Geographic Information Systems and Agent-Based Modeling Techniques for Understanding Social and Ecological Processes. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
Irwin, E., and N. Bockstael. 2002. Interacting agents, spatial externalities, and the evolution of residential land use patterns. Journal of Economic Geography 2 (1): 31-54
Irwin, E. G., and N. Bockstael. forthcoming. The spatial pattern of land use in the U.S. in R. Arnott and D. McMillen, eds. A Companion to Urban Economics
Itami, R. 2002. Mobile agents with spatial intelligence. Pages 191-210 in H. R. Gimblett, ed. Integrating Geographic Information Systems and Agent-Based Modeling Techniques for Understanding Social and Ecological Processes. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
Itami, R., R. Raulings, G. MacLaren, K. Hirst, R. Gimblett, D. Zanon, and P. Chladek. 2004. Simulating the complex interactions between human movement and the outdoor recreation environment. Journal of Nature Conservation 11 (4): 278-286
Itami, R. M., G. S. MacLaren, K. M. Hirst, R. J. Raulings, and H. R. Gimblett. 2000. RBSIM 2: Simulating human behavior in National Parks in Australia: Integrating GIS and Intelligent Agents to predict recreation conflicts in high use natural environments. Paper presented in the 4th International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling (GIS/EM4), September 2 - 8, Banff, Alberta, Canada. http://www.colorado.edu/research/cires/banff/pubpapers/57/.
Jackson, R. W. 1994. Object-oriented modeling in regional science: An advocacy view. Papers in Regional Science 73 (4): 347-367
Janssen, M. A., ed. 2003. Complexity and Ecosystem Management: The Theory and Practice of Multi-Agent Approaches. Edward Elgar Publishers, Cheltenham, U.K.; Northampton, MA
Janssen, M. A., and E. Ostrom. forthcoming. Governing social-ecological systems in K. Judd and L. Tesfatsion, eds. Handbook of Computational Economics II: Agent-Based Computational Economics. North-Holland
Kaimowitz, D., and A. Angelsen. 1998. Economic Models of Tropical Deforestation: A Review. Centre for International Forestry Research, Jakarta, Indonesia
Kohler, T. A., J. Kresl, C. V. West, E. Carr, and R. H. Wilshusen. 2000. Be there then: A modeling approach to settlement determinants and spatial efficiency among late ancestral pueblo populations of the Mesa Verde region, U.S. Southwest. Pages 145-178 in T. A. Kohler and G. J. Gumerman, eds. Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, U.K.
Kwartler, M., and R. N. Bernard. 2001. CommunityViz: An Integrated Planning Support System in R. K. Brail and R. E. Klosterman, eds. Planning Support Systems Integrating Geographic Systems, Models, and Visualization Tools. ESRI Press, Redland, CA
Lambin, E. F., H. Geist, and E. Lepers. 2003. Dynamics of land-use and land-cover change in tropical regions. Annual Review of Environmental Resources 28: 205-241
Long, J. S. 1997. Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA
Luke, S., G. C. Balan, L. Panait, C. Cioffi-Revilla, and S. Paus. 2003. MASON: A Java multi-agent simulation library. Paper presented in the Agent 2003 conference: Challenges in social simulation, Chicago, IL. http://agent2003.anl.gov/proc.html.
Manson, S. M. 2000. Agent-based dynamic spatial simulation of land-use/cover change in the Yucatán peninsula, Mexico. Paper presented in the Fourth International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling (GIS/EM4), Banff, Canada. http://www.tc.umn.edu/~manson/Resources/Manson_2000_GISEM4_ADSS_www.pdf.
—. 2002. Integrated Assessment and Projection of Land-Use and Land-Cover Change in the Southern Yucatán Peninsular Region of Mexico. Ph D. diss. Clark, Worcester, MA
—. forthcoming. The SYPR integrative assessment model: Complexity in development in B. L. Turner II, D. Foster, and J. Geoghegan, eds. Final Frontiers: Understanding Land Change in the Southern Yucatán Peninsular Region. Claredon Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK
Mathevet, R., F. Bousquet, C. Le Page, and M. Antona. 2003. Agent-based simulations of interactions between duck populations, farming decisions and leasing of hunting rights in the Camargue (Southern France). Ecological Modelling 165 (2-3): 107-126
McGarigal, K., and B. J. Marks. 1994. FRAGSTATS: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Quantifying Landscape Structure. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station Publication Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-351.
Najlis, R. 2004. Personal Communication: Technical specifications for the TSUNAMI and Agent Analyst models.
Najlis, R., and M. North. 2004. Repast for GIS. Paper presented in the Agent 2004 Conference on Social Dynamics: Interaction, Reflexivity, and Emergence, Chicago, IL. http://agent2004.anl.gov/proc.html.
Najlis, R. I., M. A. Janssen, and D. C. Parker. 2002. Software tools and communication issues. Meeting the Challenge of Complexity: Proceedings of the Special Workshop on Agent-Based Models of Land-Use/Land-Cover Change. CIPEC/CSISS, Santa Barbara. http://www.csiss.org/maslucc/ABM-LUCC.htm.
North, M., M. Rimmer, and C. M. Macal. 2003. Why the Navy Needs TSUNAMI. Paper presented in the Swarmfest 2003, South Bend, IN.
Parker, D. C., T. Berger, and S. M. Manson. 2002a. Meeting the Challenge of Complexity: Proceedings of the Special Workshop on Agent-Based Models of Land-Use/Land-Cover Change. Santa Barbara: CIPEC/CSISS Publication CCR-3. http://www.csiss.org/maslucc/ABM-LUCC.htm.
—. 2002b. Agent-Based Models of Land-Use/Land-Cover Change: Report and Review of an International Workshop. Bloomington, IN: LUCC Focus 1 Publication 6. http://www.indiana.edu/~act/focus1/FinalABM11.7.02.pdf.
Parker, D. C., S. M. Manson, and T. Berger. 2002. POTENTIAL STRENGTHS AND APPROPRIATE ROLES FOR ABM/LUCC. Meeting the Challenge of Complexity: Proceedings of the Special Workshop on Agent-Based Models of Land-Use/Land-Cover Change. CIPEC/CSISS, Santa Barbara. http://www.csiss.org/maslucc/ABM-LUCC.htm.
Parker, D. C., S. M. Manson, M. A. Janssen, M. Hoffmann, and P. Deadman. 2003. Multi-agent systems for the simulation of land-use and land-cover change: A review. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 93 (2): 314–337
Parker, D. C., and V. Meretsky. 2004. Measuring pattern outcomes in an agent-based model of edge-effect externalities using spatial metrics. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 101 (2-3): 233-250
Parker, M. T. 2001. What is Ascape and why should you care? Journal of Artificial Societies and Social SImulation 4 (1). http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/4/1/5.html.
Perman, R., Y. Ma, J. McGilvray, and M. Common. 2003. Natural Resource and Environmental Economics. Pearson Addison Wesley, New York
Reynolds, R., T. A. Kohler, and Z. Kobti. 2003. The effects of generalized reciprocal exchange on the resilience of social networks: An example from the Prehispanic Mesa Verde region. Computational & Mathematical Organization Theory 9 (3): 227-254
Thomas, W. H., M. North, C. M. Macal, and J. P. Peerenboom. 2003. From physics to finances: Complex adaptive systems representation of infrastructure interdependencies. Dahlgren, VA: Naval Surface Warfare Center Publication
Torrens, P. 2003. Automata-based models of urban systems. Pages 61-81 in P. A. Longley and M. Batty, eds. Advanced Spatial Analysis. ESRI press, Redlands, CA
Torrens, P., and I. Benenson. forthcoming. Geographic Automata Systems. International Journal of Geographic Information Systems
Trébuil, G., F. Shinawtra-Ekasingh, F. Bousquet, and C. Thong-Ngam. 2002. Multi-agent systems companion modeling for integrated watershed management: A Northern Thailand experience. Paper presented in the 3rd International Conference on Montane Mainland Southeast Asia (MMSEA 3), Lijiang, Yunnan, China.
Verburg, P. H., P. Schot, M. Dijst, and A. Velkamp. forthcoming. Land-use change modeling: Current practice and research priorities. GeoJournal
Westervelt, J. 2002. Geographic information systems and agent-based modeling in H. R. Gimblett, ed. Integrating Geographic Information Systems and Agent-Based Modeling Techniques for Understanding Social and Ecological Processes. Oxford University Press, Oxofrd, U.K.
Westervelt, J. D., and L. D. Hopkins. 1999. Modeling mobile individuals in dynamic landscapes. International Journal of Geographic Information Systems 13 (3): 191-208
Leigh Tesfatsion added
Below is an article that would seem to fit well with your objectives but that is not on your list:
J. Stephen Lansing and James N. Kremer, "Emergent Properties of Balinese Water Temple Networks: Coadaptation on a Rugged Fitness Landscape," American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 95, No. 1, March 1993, 97-114.
Bob Axelrod and I list this on our Guide for Newcomers to Agent-Based Modeling in the Social Sciences (http://www.econ.iastate.edu/tesfatsi/abmread.htm).
From the simsoc list 1/27/2005, Dimitris Ballas
The Joseph Rowntree Foundation has just published a guide to the development of microsimulation techniques in research.
Geography matters, by Dimitris Ballas of the University of Sheffield (and others), builds on past work in the area of microsimulation to present a new spatial simulation methodology. It discusses the conceptual and practical issues of microsimulation, highlighting the differences between static and dynamic microsimulation. The authors outline how a geographical microsimulation model can be built and explain the geographical simulation method clearly, keeping mathematical and statistical jargon to a minimum.
The book promotes greater convergence of the methods used by economists, geographers and other social scientists working in this field. It will appeal to all social scientists and researchers interested in the geographical implications of social policies and will be a useful introduction for undergraduate and postgraduate students to simulation methods in the social sciences.
Geography matters is available now as a free PDF download or as a paperback report, priced £17.95, from http://www.jrf.org.uk/bookshop/details.asp?pubID=659.
If you know of any relevant models we have not included please could you email the details to us at ablum@hotmail.co.uk. We will update the list and hopefully leave a useful resource for anyone interested in this topic.
Many thanks for your help,
Dr Robin Matthews and Alan Roach
Agent Based Land Use Models Reference List
Axtell R et al (1999). Understanding Anasazi Culture Change Through Agent-Based Modelling. Dynamics in Human Primate Societies. T. Kohler and G. Gumerman.
Balmann, A., K. Happe, et al. (2003). Adjustment costs of agri-environmental policy switching: an agent-based analysis of the German region Hohenlohe. Complexity and ecosystem management: The theory and practice of multiagent systems. M. Janessen.
Barreteau, O. and F. Bousquet (2000). "SHADOC; a multi-agent model to tackle viability of irrigated systems,." Annals of operations research.
Becu, N., P. Perez, et al. (2003). "Agent based simulation of a small catchment water management in northern Thailand: description of the CATCHSCAPE model." Ecological Modelling.
Berger, T. (2001). "Agent-based spatial models applied to agriculture: a simulation tool for technology diffusion, resource use changes and policy analysis." Agricultural economics.
Bousquet, F. and C. Page ( 2004). "Multi-agent simulations and ecosystem management: a review,." Ecological Modelling.
Bousquet, F., R. Lifran, et al. (2001). "Agent based modelling, game theory and natural resource management issues." JASSS.
Bousquet F et al (2002). Multi-agent systems and role games: collective learning processes for ecosystem management. Complexity and ecosystem management: The theory and practice of multiagent systems. M. Janessen.
Box, P. (2002). Spatial Units as Agents: Making the Landscape an equal player in Agent-based Simulations. Integrating GIS and agent-based modelling techniques. H. Gimblett, Santa Fe.
Deadman, P. (1999). "Modelling individual behaviour and group performance in an intelligent agent-based simulation of the tragedy of the commons." Journal of Environmental Management.
Deffuant, G., S. Huet, et al. (2002). Agent-based simulation of organic farming conversion in Allier departement. Complexity and ecosystem management: The theory and practice of multiagent systems. M. Janessen.
Duke-Sylvester, S. and L. Gross (2002). Integrating spatial data into an agent-based modelling system: Ideas and lessons from the development of the across trophic level system simulation. Integrating GIS and agent-based modelling techniques. H. Gimblett, Santa Fe.
Etienne, M. (2003). "SYLVOPAST: a multiple target role-playing game to assess negotiation processes in sylvopastroal management planning." JASSS.
Etienne, M., C. Le Page, et al. (2003). "A step-by-step approach to building land management scenarios based on multiple viewpoints on multi-agent system simulations." JASSS.
Evan, T. and H. Kelley (2004). "Multi-scale analysis of a household level agent-based model of landcover change." Journal of environmental management.
FIRMA (2003). Participatory Integrated Assessment in Five Case Studies, http://firma.cfpm.org/reports.html.
Gimblett, H. (2002). Integrating GIS and agent-based technologies for modelling and simulating social and ecological phenomena. Integrating GIS and agent-based modelling techniques. G. H, Santa Fe.
Gotts, N., J. Pollihill, et al. (2002). "Aspiration levels in a land use simulation (FEARLUS),." WIP.
Gotts, N., J. Pollihill, et al. (2002). "Dynamics of imitation in a land use simulation (FEARLUS)." WIP.
Gotts, N., J. Pollihill, et al. (2002). "FEARLUS-W: An agent-based model of river basin land use and water management,." WIP.
Hare, M. and P. Deadman (2004). "Further towards a taxonomy of agent-based simulation models in environmental management,." Mathematics and computers in simulation.
Harper, S., J. Westervelt, et al. (2002). Management Application of an agent-based model: Control of Cowbirds at the Landscape Scale. Integrating GIS and agent-based modelling techniques. H. Gimblett, Santa Fe.
Hoffman, M., H. Kelley, et al. (2002). Simulating land-cover change in South-Central Indiana: an agent-based model of deforestation and afforestation. Complexity and ecosystem management: The theory and practice of multiagent systems. M. Janessen.
Huigen, M. (2004). "First principles of the MameLuke multi-actor modelling framework for land-use change, illustrated with a Philippine case study." Journal of environmental management.
Janssen, M., B. Walker, et al. (2000). "An adaptive agent model for analysing co-evolution of management and policies in a complex rangeland system,." Ecological Modelling.
Janssen, M. (2001). "An exploratory integrated model to assess management of lake eutrophication." Ecological Modelling.
Kohler T et al (1999). Be there then: A modelling approach to settlement determinants and spatial efficiency among late ancestral pueblo populations of the Messa Verde region US southwest. Dynamics in Human Primate Societies. T. Kohler and G. Gumerman.
Ligtenberg, A., M. Wachowicz, et al. (2004). "A design and application of a multi-agent system for simulation of multi-actor spatial planning." Journal of environmental management.
Lynam, T. (2002). Scientific measurements and villagers' knowledge: an integrative multi-agent model from the semi-arid areas of Zimbabwe. Complexity and ecosystem management: The theory and practice of multiagent systems. M. Janessen.
Mathews, R. (2004). "PALM: An agent-based spatial model of livelihood generation and resource flows in rural households and their environment,." WIP.
Mathews, R. and C. Pilbeam (2004). "Modelling the long term sustainability of maize/millet cropping systems in the mid-hills of Nepal,." WIP.
Nute, D. (2004). "NED-2: an agent based decision support system for forest ecosystem management." Environmental modelling and software.
Otter H, d. V. A., and de Vriend H, (2001). "ABLOoM: Location behaviour, spatial patterns and agent-based modelling." JASSS.
Parker, D., T. Berger, et al., Eds. (2001). Agent-Based Models of Land-Use and Land-Cover Change: Report and Review of an International Workshop. Indiana, Indiana University.
Parker, D., S. Manson, et al. (2003). "Multi-agents systems for the simulation of land-use and land-cover change: A review." Annals of the Association of American Geographers.
Parker, D. and V. Maretsky (2004). "Measuring pattern outcomes in an agent-based model of edge-effect externalities using spatial metrics." Agriculture, ecosystems and environment.
Rajan, K. and R. Shibasaki (1999). "Model Simulated land use/Cover changes in Thailand-results from AGENT-LUC model." www.gisdevelopment.net/aars/acrs/1999/ts5/ts5207.shtml.
Rouchier, J., F. Bousquet, et al. (2001). "A multi-agent model for describing transhumanance in North Cameroon: Comparison of different rationality to develop a routine." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control.
Sander, L., D. Pumain, et al. (1997). "SIMPOP: a multiagent system for the study of urbanisation." Environment and Planning B.
Torrens, P. (2001). "Can geocomputation save urban simulation?" WIP.
Turner II et al (2001). "Deforestation in the southern Yucatan peninsular region: an integrative approach." Forest ecology and management.
In the Simsoc list, Dawn Parker of GMU then posted this message (2005-01-25) and a fine list of things. You list looks fairly complete. I have an extensive bibliography with some additional references available on my course web site "Spatial agent-based models of human-environment interactions":
http://mason.gmu.edu/~dparker3/spat_abm/spat_abm.html
http://mason.gmu.edu/~dparker3/spat_abm/abm_he.enl
http://mason.gmu.edu/~dparker3/spat_abm/abm_he.pdf
And, here is the complete bibliography from a forthcoming chapter, "Integration of Geographic Information Systems and Agent-Based Models of Land Use: Prospects and Challenges," forthcoming in the ESRI press book “GIS, Spatial Analysis and Modeling,†David J. Maguire, Michael F. Goodchild and Michael Batty, Editors.
There is a more complete version of this bibliography that I can send you if you like, in endnote or text format.
Agarwal, C., G. M. Green, J. M. Grove, T. Evans, and C. Schweik. 2002. A review and assessment of land-use change models: Dynamics of space, time, and human choice. Burlington, VT: USDA Forest Service Northeastern Forest Research Station Publication NE-297. http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/newtown_square/publications/technical_reports/ pdfs/2002/gtrne297.pdf.
Anas, A., R. Arnott, and K. A. Small. 1998. Urban spatial structure. Journal of Economic Literature 36 (3): 1426-1464
Angelsen, A., and D. Kaimowitz. 1998. Rethinking the causes of tropical deforestation: Lessons from economic models. The World Bank Research Observer 14 (1): 73-98. http://www.worldbank.org/research/journals/wbro/obsfeb99/pdf/ article4.pdf.
Anselin, L. 1988. Spatial econometrics: Methods and models. Kluwer Academic, Studies in Operational Regional Science series, Norwell, MA; London and Dordrecht
—. 2002. Under the hood: Issues in the specification and interpretation of spatial regression models. Agricultural Economics 27 (3): 247-267
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Leigh Tesfatsion added
Below is an article that would seem to fit well with your objectives but that is not on your list:
J. Stephen Lansing and James N. Kremer, "Emergent Properties of Balinese Water Temple Networks: Coadaptation on a Rugged Fitness Landscape," American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 95, No. 1, March 1993, 97-114.
Bob Axelrod and I list this on our Guide for Newcomers to Agent-Based Modeling in the Social Sciences (http://www.econ.iastate.edu/tesfatsi/abmread.htm).
From the simsoc list 1/27/2005, Dimitris Ballas
The Joseph Rowntree Foundation has just published a guide to the development of microsimulation techniques in research.
Geography matters, by Dimitris Ballas of the University of Sheffield (and others), builds on past work in the area of microsimulation to present a new spatial simulation methodology. It discusses the conceptual and practical issues of microsimulation, highlighting the differences between static and dynamic microsimulation. The authors outline how a geographical microsimulation model can be built and explain the geographical simulation method clearly, keeping mathematical and statistical jargon to a minimum.
The book promotes greater convergence of the methods used by economists, geographers and other social scientists working in this field. It will appeal to all social scientists and researchers interested in the geographical implications of social policies and will be a useful introduction for undergraduate and postgraduate students to simulation methods in the social sciences.
Geography matters is available now as a free PDF download or as a paperback report, priced £17.95, from http://www.jrf.org.uk/bookshop/details.asp?pubID=659.
2009年6月10日星期三
Individual-Based Models
http://www.red3d.com/cwr/ibm.html
an annotated list of links
by Craig Reynolds
Individual-based models are simulations based on the global consequences of local interactions of members of a population. These individuals might represent plants and animals in ecosystems, vehicles in traffic, people in crowds, or autonomous characters in animation and games. These models typically consist of an environment or framework in which the interactions occur and some number of individuals defined in terms of their behaviors (procedural rules) and characteristic parameters. In an individual-based model, the characteristics of each individual are tracked through time. This stands in contrast to modeling techniques where the characteristics of the population are averaged together and the model attempts to simulate changes in these averaged characteristics for the whole population. Individual-based models are also known as entity or agent based models, and as individual/entity/agent-based simulations.
Some individual-based models are also spatially explicit meaning that the individuals are associated with a location in geometrical space. Some spatially explicit individual-based models also exhibit mobility, where the individuals can move around their environment. This would be a natural model, for example, of an animal in an ecological simulation. Whereas plants in the same simulation would not be mobile. Some individual-based models are not spatially explicit, for example a simulation of a computer network might be based on individual models of the networked computers, but their location would be irrelevant. Spatially explicit models may use either continuous (real valued) or discrete (integer valued, grid-like) space.
Individual-based models are a subset of multi-agent systems which includes any computational system whose design is fundamentally composed of a collection of interacting parts. For example an "expert system" might be composed of many distinct bits of advice which interact to produce a solution. Individual-based models are distinguished by the fact that each "agent" corresponds to autonomous individual in the simulated domain.
There is an overlap between individual-based models and cellular automata. Certainly cellular automata are similar to spatially-explicit, grid-based, immobile individual-based models. However CAs are always homogeneous and dense (all cells are identical), whereas a grid-based individual-based model might occupy only a few grid cells, and more than one distinct type of individual might live on the same grid. (Of course a CA can have cells in various states, and so represent concepts like empty or occupied by type 3. Perhaps the significant difference is whether the simulation's inner loop proceeds cell by cell, or individual by individual. (Although that distinction is muddied by parallel-processing hardware.)) The philosophical issue is whether the simulation is based on a dense and uniform dissection of the space (as in a CA), or based on specific individuals distributed within the space.
Of course, note that everyone uses terminology differently, so take the definitions above with a grain of salt. ("Your mileage may differ.")
My interest in this area began when I made a model of bird flocks and related group motion. As a result I am particularly interested in individual-based models using spatially explicit mobile agents in continuous space. This bias may be reflected in the selection of resources listed below.
Online resources
These are general purpose software toolkits useful for implementing individual-based models.
Swarm is a software package for multi-agent simulation of complex systems originally developed at The Santa Fe Institute and now at the Swarm Development Group (SDG). See this preliminary version of the Swarm FAQ and these example applications built using the Swarm system.
Echo, conceived by John Holland, is a ecology simulation framework, whose individuals live in a discrete spatially-explicit world and evolve according to a genetic algorithm. See Modelling Complex Adaptive Systems with Echo (1995) by Terry Jones and Stephanie Forrest
XRaptor (A Simulation Environment for Continuous Virtual Multi-Agent Systems) by Günter Bruns, Peter Mössinger, Daniel Polani, René Spalt, Thomas Uthmann and Stefan Weber.
Listed below are applications of individual-based models, arranged by general topic area.
Ecology and Biology:
Mixed ecosystems
ATLSS Across Trophic Level System Simulation for the Everglades/Big Cypress Region of South Florida, a very large-scale ecological simulation effort lead by Donald DeAngelis and a cast of thousands. See the related paper: Computational Models of White-Tailed Deer in the Florida Everglades, and this report from Science Alliance News.
Facilitating Mobile Objects within the Context of Simulated Landscape Processes by James D. Westervelt and Lewis D. Hopkins this 1996 paper describes modeling carnivore and herbivore populations as they interact with vegetation in the context of a landscape described with a geographic information system.
Evolution and Spatial Structure Interact to Influence Plant-Herbivore Population and Community Dynamics by Gregg Hartvigsen and Simon Levin. An individual-based model of plant-herbivore interactions and coevolution.
Insect/Plant Interactions Program by Peter Room, Jim Hanan, et al., models growth of individual plants, either singly or in small stands, and interactions with individual insects as they crawl on or fly between the virtual plants.
A Multimodeling Basis for Across-Trophic-Level Ecosystem Modeling: The Florida Everglades Example (1997) by Paul Fishwick, James Sanderson and Wilfried Wolff.
The implementation and visualisation of a large spatial individual-based model using fortran 90 (1996) by Tim Hopkins and David R. Morse. A simulation of the spread of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus in a barley field, the model considers explicitly each individual plant and aphid.
Fish
Development of a spatially explicit, individual-based model of marine fish early life history by Sarah Hinckley, Albert J. Hermann, and Bernard Megrey, published in Marine Ecology Progress Series. See also Individual-based modeling of walleye pollock in the southeast Bering Sea. And see Ocean Current Model Shows Where Larvae Drift in the ARSC newsletter. See also animation links on A Biophysical Model of Shelikof Strait.
Individual-Based Fish Population Model Applied to Management Issues (1991) Deangelis et al., individual-based population model for smallmouth bass, used to investigate the impact of varying the opening date of the fishing season.
The EPRI CompMech Program: Compensatory Mechanisms in fish populations (at the Electric Power Research Institute, of the Environmental Sciences Division at Oak Ridge National Laboratory). See the software directories containing individual-based models of chinook and trout.
Individual-Based Approach to Analyzing PIT-Tag Data (1997) modeling of migrating salmon based on data from passive transponder (PIT) tags. Contractor technical contact: Kenneth A. Rose
Individual-Based Fish Modeling in the Mathematical Modeling Program at Humboldt State University by Roland Lamberson with Steve Railsback and Steve Jackson
NerkaSim by James Scandol et al. uses individual based models of the migration of salmon. See this snapshot of a simulation run.
Development of an Individual-Based Trout Instream Flow Model (1999) by Russell B. Rader and N. LeRoy Poff
Mammals
Gorilla Simulation work by Mark Scahill including this update and a draft paper called Modeling Mountain Gorillas from around 1995.
Spatially Explicit Population Dynamics and the Snowshoe Hare by Jason A. Thomas. See also his list of links on Spatially-Explicit Population Modelling and Spatial Ecology Modelling and Analysis Software.
Model of Animal Behavior (MOAB) a description of software for a spatially explicit, individual based model of animal movement and foraging behavior by Jacoby Carter and colleagues at the U.S. Geological Survey. See also this poster paper (with illustrations): MOAB: A Spatially-Explicit, Individual Based, Expert System for Creating Animal Foraging Models
PUMA software by Paul Beier was developed to predict the risk of extinction in cougar populations under various development scenarios. The model is individually-based but not spatially explicit
Deer Management Simulator by Ken Risenhoover (et al.?) is a spatially explicit modeling environment for evaluating deer management strategies. See also these summaries of related research at the same lab.
Aggregation and the Emergence of Social Behavior in Rat Pups Modeled by Simple Rules of Individual Behavior (1998) by Jeff Schank (see also) and Jeffrey Alberts models huddling in infant Norway rats.
Birds
The Weaver Project by Matt Hare, Alan Sibbald, and Alistair Law, is a spatially explicit, individual-based model of the red grouse in Scotland's heather moorland. It seeks to provide wildlife managers with advice on appropriate strategies to restore grouse populations.
Multiscale Dynamic Simulation for Ecological Modeling by Pedro Pereira Gonçalves and Maria Paula Antunes studies environmental spatial heterogeneity and the reactions of individual organisms. The system is integrated with a Geographical Information System package enabling the interactions of virtual objects with real data. Includes a model of flocking birds.
Channel Island bald eagle and peregrine falcon populations (1994?) by Gordie Swartzman
Development of a spatially-explicit, individual-based model to simulate Kirtland's Warbler population dynamics (1998) by Carol Bocetti et al. at USGS PWRC.
Insects
Multi-Agent Simulation of Honey Bee Colonies by David Sumpter uses a Swarm-based model to investigate colony activities (particularly thermoregulation) by simulating bee behavior.
Manta by Alexis Drogoul is an ethological simulation of ant colony behavior modeled at the level of individual ants. Several related papers are available online. See also this review of Manta by Howard Gutowitz.
The non-linear dynamics of survival and social facilitation in termites by Octavio Miramontes and Og DeSouza. Uses a "mobile cellular automata" (a mobile, spatially explicit individual-based model in discrete space) to simulate a colony of termites. See also Miramontes' Complexity and Social Behaviour.
An Individual Tree Based Model of Mountain Pine Beetle Invasion (1999) by Emily Stone
Carl Anderson uses agent-based models to study the organisation of workers and work in insect societies and related regulatory mechanisms, particularly task partitioning and self organization in ant and bee colonies. Some papers are avaialble at his older web site.
Forests
Scaling from Trees to Forests: Analysis of a Complex Simulation Model by Doug Deutschman, Simon Levin, Catherine Devine and Linda Buttel. (A very nicely produced multimedia presentation in Science Online.) Spatially explicit forest growth models using SORTIE, a stochastic individual-based simulation model of forest dynamics in which trees compete for light. (See also these SORTIE forest images.)
Arborgames by Melissa Savage and Manor Askenazi examines the role of forest fire on species diversity. Local interaction of trees in a neighborhood allows the model to generate complex landscape dynamics. Bruce Sawhill is collaborating on analysis of model results. Robert Bell is working on a application in Yellowstone.
SmartForest An interactive forest visualizer, by UIUC's Imaging Systems Laboratory, models forest management issues at the level of the individual trees. The software is available for download.
Marine Invertebrates
Ship Fouling by Yosef Cohen. A Java applet demonstrating the interaction of barnacles settling on the hull of a ship and limpets, used as a biological control, which can bulldoze away young barnacles.
A virtual mesocosm with artificial salps for exploring the conditions of swarm development in the pelagic tunicate Salpa fusiformis (1997) Philippe Laval in Marine Ecology Progress Series Volume 154
Arachnids
Mites IBM applet by Nils Kösters at the German Life Sciences Information service. Simulation of the life and times of a breeding population of mites. See also this other copy (?) and this 3D version.
Bacteria
BacSim, a simulator for individual-based modelling of bacterial colony growth (1998) by Jan-Ulrich Kreft, Ginger Booth and Julian Wimpenny. BacSim is based on Gecko, which is based in turn on Swarm
Non-species-specific models, and other topics
The Tragedy of the Commons Java applets and commentary by Walter Korman (from the now defunct weekly column Deep Magic). Based on Garrett Hardin's 1968 paper.
Parallel Software Tools for Ecological Simulation including the Java-based GUST which runs an interactive version of their Szymanski-Caraco cellular automata model. See their Guide to Related Research.
Ecomachines and Spatial Modeling in Ecology and Biology was a workshop held January 13-16, 1996 at the Santa Fe Institute.
Gecko, a spatial individual-based simulator for modeling ecosystem dynamics, by Oswald Schmitz and Ginger Booth.
ECOTOOLS uses individual-based models to study animal behavior and ecological issues. See descriptions of various ECOSIM reimplemented models: schooling, flocking, storks, dragonflies, crowns, largemouth bass, northern cod.
Theoretical Ecology of Spatial Heterogeneity: An IBM Approach ongoing work by Kim Cuddington on "...the effects of limited mobility and spatial structure or heterogeneity on the population dynamics and stability of communities." See also these resources on theoretical ecology.
Methods, Conceptions & Ideas on Ecological Modelling by Andrey Tsyplianovsky. This extensive site covers many aspects of ecological modeling and includes a comprehensive list of links on individual-based models.
Ten years of individual-based modelling in ecology: what have we learned, and what could we learn in the future? (1999) by Volker Grimm in a special issue of Ecological Modelling on Individual-based models.
Forager, from Amber Waves Software, simulates foraging (feeding behavior). Users can set up animal behavior models, graphically design the foraging environment and specify behavior rules.
Papers from the Third International Conference/Workshop on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling January 21-25, 1996, Santa Fe, New Mexico:
Individual-Based Models in Ecology: An Overview by Donald L. DeAngelis, D. M. Fleming, L. J. Gross, and W. F. Wolff,
Some Guidelines For Implementing Spatially Explicit, Individual-Based Ecological Models Within Location-Based Raster GIS. by Roger L. Slothower, Paul A. Schwarz, and Kevin M. Johnston
Spatial Modeling of Aquatic Habitat From a Fish's Perspective by John K. Horne, J. Michael Jech, and Stephen B. Brandt
From Individuals to Populations, papers from a 1998 International Workshop and Young Scientists School held in Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic:
On individual-based models for single-species population growth, predator-prey interaction and optimal foraging
Individual behaviour and population dynamics: a protocol for extracting population growth rates from individual-based models
An individual-based model of mite predator-prey populations: local dynamics
From individuals to population in parasitoid-host and predator-prey models
Biola: a new biological programming language for developing individual based models
Instructional Tools:
EcoBeaker by Eli Meir is an ecological simulation program, designed for use by students in the classroom.
The Virtual Forest by EcoLogik and BeakerWare
Individual-based ecological models: Spatial models for undergraduate investigation by Louis J. Gross
Modeling Humans (and Artificial Societies)
Human Crowds: motion and psychology
An Agent Based Simulation Environment for Public Order Management Training by Roderick Williams is a tool to help train training police officers to manage large public gatherings (crowds, demonstrations, marches). See also the page for the CACTUS (Command And Control Training and Planning Using Knowledge Based Simulation) system.
Legion by G. Keith Still is used to simulate the motion of large crowds of people. It can handle crowds of more than 100,000 people.
Animation Science Corporation sells tools to model the motion of large crowds with their Rampage software, based on an efficient engine for interacting particle systems.
EINSTein (Enhanced ISAAC Neural Simulation Toolkit), an artificial-life laboratory for exploring self-organized emergent behavior in land combat, by Andy Ilachinski of the (US) Center For Naval Analyses.
The Collective Action Project by Clark McPhail and John McCarthy, studies individual and collective actions of people in large temporary gatherings (crowds, mobs, demonstrations). See also A Computer Simulation of a Sociological Experiment (1995) by David Schweingruber based on the GATHERING simulation written by William T. Powers, based on Perception Control Theory.
An Agent-Based Model of Seating In A Theater a Java-based class project by Yale Wang. See also his version of Schelling's Segregation Model and the El Farol problem: how the appropriate number of people decide to show up for an event.
Modeling Audience Group Behavior by Nuria Oliver and Stephen Intille describes an agent based model (spatially explicit, discrete space, non-mobile) of synchronization and other decentralized collaborative behaviors of a group audience.
Anthropology
Swarm-based Modeling of Prehistoric Settlement Systems in Southwestern North America (1997) by Tim Kohler and Eric Carr, describes an agent-based simulation constructed with the Swarm system. See also this 1995 paper: Agent-Based Modeling of Anasazi Village Formation in the Northern American Southwest.
Computational Anthropology: The Simulation and Representation of Bio-Cultural Processes, a section of the American Anthropological Association.
The Cultural Transmission Project studies population structure, cultural transmission, and evolutionary theory. Some of its research involves individual-based models, such as the use of Swarm in Building Expectations for "Wasteful" Behavior among Human Populations.
Culture Group Meeting: Agent-Based Modeling of Small-Scale Societies report on summer 1998 meeting at SFI.
Artificial Societies
Sugarscape (and the book Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science From the Bottom Up) by Joshua M. Epstein and Robert Axtell. Describes experiments with an artificial society, a computer model consisting of a population of autonomous agents and a separate environment in which the agents live. See also this Discovery Online feature and this Science News article.
Artificial Societies and Psychological Agents (abstract, 1996) by Stuart Watt (see also the full paper in PDF format) towards the development of "psychological agents" better suited for interaction with humans.
Sociology
Simulation: a emergent perspective, text of a lecture advocating use of individual-based models in sociology and related fields, by Nigel Gilbert. See related material at The Computer Simulation of Societies site.
Agency and Interaction (PDF 171K) by Peter J. Burke considers the connection between macro-level group characteristics (social structure) and the micro-level interaction between individuals.
Interpersonal Communication
Coordinating Turn-Taking with Gaze by David G. Novick, Brian Hansen and Karen Ward. Uses an individual-based model to validate the proposed mechanism.
Formal Approaches to Innate and Learned Communication: Laying the Foundation for Language (1997) by Mike Oliphant. Identifies the conditions necessary to establish a system of communication in a population of individuals, whether through evolution or learning.
Emotion
New Fungus Eater Experiments by Thomas Wehrle describes a multi-agent framework for investigation of the psychology of emotion, based on a model proposed by Masanao Toda.
Emotional Intelligence in Multi-Agent Simulation (1998) by Eric Werk, on designing believable agents.
other topics
Theory in a Complex World: Computational Laboratories in Economic Geography by Catherine Dibble explores the gap between simulation experiments and a understanding of the underlying phenomena.
Spatially-Explicit Autonomous Agents for Modelling Recreation Use in Complex Wilderness Landscapes by Randy Gimblett, Bohdan Durnota and Bob Itami, uses autonomous agents to assist natural resource managers in assessing and managing dynamic recreation behavior, social interactions and resulting conflicts in wilderness settings. See also the Recreation Behavior Simulator (RBSim) which simulates the behavior of human recreators in high use natural environments.
Rational Actors Versus Adaptive Agents: Social Science Implications (1998) by Paul E. Johnson. A comparison of two research methods, "rational choice theory" and "agent-based modeling." Is agent-based modeling really different and is it really better? Johnson says the answers are "yes" and "sometimes"... Uses SWARM. (Figures are here.)
CORSIM is a microsimulation model of individual and family behavior through time. See the paper Dynamic Microsimulation and the CORSIM 3.0 Model (1993) by Steven B. Caldwell, and this list of current research projects.
The Uses of Sim Sidewalks an essay by Steven Johnson in FEED Magazine: "What happens when urban scholars sit down to play SimCity?"
Economics
Playing the game of life by Rita Koselka (an April 7, 1997 article from Forbes) covers individual-based models of the music CD business by the Emergent Solutions Group of PricewaterhouseCoopers, the stock market by W. Brian Arthur and John Holland, the Sugarscape model by Joshua Epstein and Robert Axtell, and Challenge from Thinking Tools.
Aspen, a microanalytic model to simulate the U.S. economy. Aspen uses economic agents to represent the various decision-making segments, and the microanalytic simulation process models each agent individually. See also this earlier press briefing.
Agent-Based Computational Economics (ACE) by Leigh Tesfatsion, a computational study of economies modeled as evolving decentralized systems of autonomous interacting agents. Which seeks to explain these global regularities in economic processes from the bottom up. See also How Economists Can Get Alife: Abbreviated Version
Agent based simulation of artificial electricity markets by Raimo P. Hämäläinen et al. models how customers respond to different price patterns for electrical power.
Artificial Life Simulation of the Textile/Apparel Marketplace: An Innovative Approach to Strategizing about Evolving Markets by Evelyn L. Brannon, Lenda Jo Anderson, R. Alan Donaldson, Thomas E. Marshall, Pamela V. Ulrich.
Economic Modeling of Global Innovation Diffusion, Diploma Thesis of Johannes Kottonau and Friedemann Buergel (aka Bürgel) uses an agent based simulation model called LEM 1.1 to visualize cultural, institutional, economic and legal key factors of spacio-temporal diffusion of new technologies (specifically Light Electric Vehicles (LEVs)).
Agent Based Simulation of the Hotelling Game by Michael Friedlander and David Sumpter a spatial variation on a model of the pricing of identical goods by the only two shops in a town.
Market Organisation by Gerard Weisbuch , Alan Kirman and Dorothea Herreiner, also available as SFI working paper 95-11-102.
Traffic and vehicle simulations
Hank is an interactive automotive driving simulation with an individual-based model of autonomous vehicle traffic and pedestrians. These provide the dynamic environment and allow authoring scenarios. By Jim Cremer, Joe Kearney and the Hank Team.
MITSIM A Microscopic Traffic Simulator for Evaluation of Dynamic Traffic Management Systems developed at MIT's Intelligent Transportation Systems lab by Qi Yang and Haris N. Koutsopoulos
Microsimulation of road traffic a very nice Java applet demonstrating a continuous "microscopic" model of traffic dynamics in several scenarios by Martin Treiber and Dirk Helbing. See also Discrete Force Model for Pedestrian Motion Java applets by Kai Bolay and Dirk Helbing.
Stop-and-Go Science (1999) by Peter Weiss in Science News Online. Survey article: "by better understanding traffic flow, researchers hope to keep down highway congestion."
Transportation Analysis and Simulation System at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. "TRANSIMS models a metropolitan region with a representation of the inhabitants, their activities, and the transportation infrastructure. TRANSIMS then simulates the movement of individuals across the transportation network, including their use of vehicles such as cars or buses, on a second-by-second basis."
Smartest Project (Simulation Modelling Applied to Road Transport European Scheme Tests) by Ken Fox. See also these lists of traffic micro-simulation links and abstracts.
The STEER Traffic Simulator (Signals/Traffic Emulator with Event-based Responsiveness) is a program intended to simulate traffic on an urban network, modeling up to tens of thousands of vehicles.
METROPOLIS 1.0 is a modular system for Dynamic Traffic Simulations: It is aimed towards on-line as well as off-line simulations of traffic flows in an urban context and for large networks.
SmartPath simulation and animation package for traffic studies. See also Smart AHS a specification, simulation and evaluation framework for modeling, control and evaluation of Automated Highway Systems (AHS). Both part of California's PATH (Partners for Advances Transit and Highways)
Demonstration of Traf-Netsim for Traffice Operations Management: Final Report (1991) by Joan D. Sulzberg and Michael J. Demetsky. A "microscopic level" simulation of cars, buses and pedestrians.
Elevator Demos an individual-based simlulation model of a set of elevators in a ten story building. Uses a Java applet graphical front-end and a MODSIM III back-end running on a remote server.
Animation and Interactive Multimedia
The boids model of coordinated group motion such as flocks, herds and schools by Craig Reynolds. See also these demos of other related steering behaviors.
Artificial Animals for Computer Animation: Biomechanics, Locomotion, Perception, and Behavior (Ph.D Dissertation, 1996) by Xiaoyuan Tu. A biologically plausible, physically based model of fish ethology at the individual level.
The Virtual Fishtank is an interactive museum exhibit developed (by The Computer Museum, MIT Media Lab, and NearLife Inc.) to introduce visitors to the phenomena of emergence and ideas from the sciences of complexity. See also these pages about The Virtual Fishtank at MIT and NearLife.
Related topics
Stochastic Spatial Models: A Hyper-Tutorial by Rick Durrett covers stochastic spatial models and their applications to biology.
Annotated list of links related to metapopulation biology, spatial population biology, landscape ecology by Dag Hjermann
Distributed Modular Spatial Ecosystem Modeling by Thomas Maxwell and Robert Costanza of the International Institute for Ecological Economics, and see the related Spatio-Temporal Modeling Page
WWW-Server for Ecological Modeling at the University of Kassel
A Multiple-Mechanism Developmental Model for Defining Self-Organizing Geometric Structures (1995) by Kurt Fleischer simulates the self-organization of structures in space at the level of individual "cells". See some images from this work.
MOSAIC: Simulation Modeling and Analysis of Cellular Interactions (warning, that is a traslation of the subtitle by a non-French-speaking American (me)).
Internet Ecologies Area at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
Multi-robot systems:
Many-Robot Systems a US Navy site with a collection of papers about systems involving multiple robots. Explores collective action, cooperation, communication and self-organization.
Intelligent Methods for Multi-Agent Environments (1997) by Cem Ünsal. Presentation on self-organization and cooperation in natural and robotic groups.
Self-Organization in Large Populations of Mobile Robots (1993) by Cem Ünsal. Describes the use of a homogeneous population of robots, an Army-ant swarm, for transportation of material.
The Ants: A Community of Microrobots and their social behavior
The Amorphous Computing group at MIT explores issues such as "How do we obtain coherent behavior from the cooperation of large numbers of unreliable parts that are interconnected in unknown, irregular, and time-varying ways?"
Co-ordination in Artificial Agent Societies Social Structures and Its Implications for Autonomous Problem-Solving Agents (1999) by Sascha Ossowski
Microsimulation links at CRESS Centre for Research on Simulation in the Social Sciences
Mirror Worlds: Or the Day Software Puts the Universe in a Shoebox...How It Will Happen and What It Will Mean (1991) by David Gelernter. See also this bio of Gelernter and this review of Mirror Worlds in CTHEORY.
Web-Based Simulation links by Paul Fishwick, and A Survey of Web-Based Simulation by Ernie Page
Offline resources
Books
Individual-Based Models and Approaches in Ecology: Populations, Communities and Ecosystems, by Donald L. Deangelis, Louis J. Gross (Editors), published in 1992 by Chapman and Hall.
The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration by Robert Axelrod, published in 1997 by Princeton University Press. See also this online supplement.
Simulating Organizations: Computational Models of Institutions and Groups (1998) edited by Michael Prietula, Kathleen Carley and Les Gasser.
Turtles, Termites, and Traffic Jams Explorations in Massively Parallel Microworlds (1997) by Mitchel Resnick
How Hits Happen--Forecasting Predictability in a Chaotic Marketplace (1998) by Winslow Farrell, with foreword by Brian Arthur. Using agent-based models to simulate the consumers of pop culture. Find it at Amazon.com or ACSES.
Laboratories and Groups
Academic
Dynamic Landscape Simulation Modeling group of the Geographic Modeling Systems Laboratory at UIUC. See the page on Dynamic, Spatial, Ecological Modeling with links to spatially explicit models related to birds at Fort Hood, the desert tortoise, and a quasi-individual-based model of the sage grouse.
ECOTOOLS (and WESP) at the University of Oldenburg, develop tools to support the modeling and simulation of individual-oriented ecological models.
Wildlife Habitat Analysis Lab of the Department of Wildlife & Fisheries Sciences at Texas A&M University. See these Research Summaries.
Center for Computable Economics at University of California, Los Angeles. See for example Agent Based Simulations as a tool in Economics.
The Sony Computer Science Laboratory Paris has a research project on evolutionary linguistics which make use of indivudual-based models to study the emergence of language and meaning.
Project for the Simulation of Social Behaviour within the Italian National Research Council - Institute of Psychology. Within this program, formal models of interactions among intelligent autonomous agents have been developed and some computer simulation studies have been conducted.
Centre for Policy Modelling at Manchester Metropolitan University, especially the Special Interest Group on Agent Based Social Simulation.
Commercial
The Emergent Systems Group of PricewaterhouseCoopers uses multiple agent systems to model decision making and trends in various simulations of real world marketplaces. See Flight Simulators for Management (BusinessWeek 1998: "computer models may give execs previews of how decisions pan out") and Playing the game of life (Forbes 1997).
Thinking Tools uses Agent Based Adaptive Simulation technology to create the management equivalent of flight simulators to help train business decision-makers on a risk-free "practice field". An early project was TeleSim.
Journals
Journal of Artifical Societies and Social Simulation (JASSS)
Conferences
Past
Economic Simulation Conference Conference Proceedings February 9-10, 1996.
From Animals To Animats (SAB98) Fifth International Conference of the Society for Adaptive Behavior, University of Zurich, August 17-21 1998, Zurich, Switzerland.
Sixth International Conference on Artificial Life (Alife VI) June 27-29, 1998, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
Multi-Agent Systems and Agent-Based Simulation (MABS 98) one of the eight meetings (including Third International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems (ICMAS 98)) comprising Agents' World
First International Conference on Virtual Worlds, July 1-3, 1998, International Institute of Multimedia, Paris, France.
Local Interaction and Global Phenomena in Vegetation and Other Systems, April 19-23, 1999, Institute for Mathematics and its Applications, University of Minnesota
Future
Workshop on Traffic and Granular Flow '99, September 27-29, 1999, University of Stuttgart, Germany.
an annotated list of links
by Craig Reynolds
Individual-based models are simulations based on the global consequences of local interactions of members of a population. These individuals might represent plants and animals in ecosystems, vehicles in traffic, people in crowds, or autonomous characters in animation and games. These models typically consist of an environment or framework in which the interactions occur and some number of individuals defined in terms of their behaviors (procedural rules) and characteristic parameters. In an individual-based model, the characteristics of each individual are tracked through time. This stands in contrast to modeling techniques where the characteristics of the population are averaged together and the model attempts to simulate changes in these averaged characteristics for the whole population. Individual-based models are also known as entity or agent based models, and as individual/entity/agent-based simulations.
Some individual-based models are also spatially explicit meaning that the individuals are associated with a location in geometrical space. Some spatially explicit individual-based models also exhibit mobility, where the individuals can move around their environment. This would be a natural model, for example, of an animal in an ecological simulation. Whereas plants in the same simulation would not be mobile. Some individual-based models are not spatially explicit, for example a simulation of a computer network might be based on individual models of the networked computers, but their location would be irrelevant. Spatially explicit models may use either continuous (real valued) or discrete (integer valued, grid-like) space.
Individual-based models are a subset of multi-agent systems which includes any computational system whose design is fundamentally composed of a collection of interacting parts. For example an "expert system" might be composed of many distinct bits of advice which interact to produce a solution. Individual-based models are distinguished by the fact that each "agent" corresponds to autonomous individual in the simulated domain.
There is an overlap between individual-based models and cellular automata. Certainly cellular automata are similar to spatially-explicit, grid-based, immobile individual-based models. However CAs are always homogeneous and dense (all cells are identical), whereas a grid-based individual-based model might occupy only a few grid cells, and more than one distinct type of individual might live on the same grid. (Of course a CA can have cells in various states, and so represent concepts like empty or occupied by type 3. Perhaps the significant difference is whether the simulation's inner loop proceeds cell by cell, or individual by individual. (Although that distinction is muddied by parallel-processing hardware.)) The philosophical issue is whether the simulation is based on a dense and uniform dissection of the space (as in a CA), or based on specific individuals distributed within the space.
Of course, note that everyone uses terminology differently, so take the definitions above with a grain of salt. ("Your mileage may differ.")
My interest in this area began when I made a model of bird flocks and related group motion. As a result I am particularly interested in individual-based models using spatially explicit mobile agents in continuous space. This bias may be reflected in the selection of resources listed below.
Online resources
These are general purpose software toolkits useful for implementing individual-based models.
Swarm is a software package for multi-agent simulation of complex systems originally developed at The Santa Fe Institute and now at the Swarm Development Group (SDG). See this preliminary version of the Swarm FAQ and these example applications built using the Swarm system.
Echo, conceived by John Holland, is a ecology simulation framework, whose individuals live in a discrete spatially-explicit world and evolve according to a genetic algorithm. See Modelling Complex Adaptive Systems with Echo (1995) by Terry Jones and Stephanie Forrest
XRaptor (A Simulation Environment for Continuous Virtual Multi-Agent Systems) by Günter Bruns, Peter Mössinger, Daniel Polani, René Spalt, Thomas Uthmann and Stefan Weber.
Listed below are applications of individual-based models, arranged by general topic area.
Ecology and Biology:
Mixed ecosystems
ATLSS Across Trophic Level System Simulation for the Everglades/Big Cypress Region of South Florida, a very large-scale ecological simulation effort lead by Donald DeAngelis and a cast of thousands. See the related paper: Computational Models of White-Tailed Deer in the Florida Everglades, and this report from Science Alliance News.
Facilitating Mobile Objects within the Context of Simulated Landscape Processes by James D. Westervelt and Lewis D. Hopkins this 1996 paper describes modeling carnivore and herbivore populations as they interact with vegetation in the context of a landscape described with a geographic information system.
Evolution and Spatial Structure Interact to Influence Plant-Herbivore Population and Community Dynamics by Gregg Hartvigsen and Simon Levin. An individual-based model of plant-herbivore interactions and coevolution.
Insect/Plant Interactions Program by Peter Room, Jim Hanan, et al., models growth of individual plants, either singly or in small stands, and interactions with individual insects as they crawl on or fly between the virtual plants.
A Multimodeling Basis for Across-Trophic-Level Ecosystem Modeling: The Florida Everglades Example (1997) by Paul Fishwick, James Sanderson and Wilfried Wolff.
The implementation and visualisation of a large spatial individual-based model using fortran 90 (1996) by Tim Hopkins and David R. Morse. A simulation of the spread of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus in a barley field, the model considers explicitly each individual plant and aphid.
Fish
Development of a spatially explicit, individual-based model of marine fish early life history by Sarah Hinckley, Albert J. Hermann, and Bernard Megrey, published in Marine Ecology Progress Series. See also Individual-based modeling of walleye pollock in the southeast Bering Sea. And see Ocean Current Model Shows Where Larvae Drift in the ARSC newsletter. See also animation links on A Biophysical Model of Shelikof Strait.
Individual-Based Fish Population Model Applied to Management Issues (1991) Deangelis et al., individual-based population model for smallmouth bass, used to investigate the impact of varying the opening date of the fishing season.
The EPRI CompMech Program: Compensatory Mechanisms in fish populations (at the Electric Power Research Institute, of the Environmental Sciences Division at Oak Ridge National Laboratory). See the software directories containing individual-based models of chinook and trout.
Individual-Based Approach to Analyzing PIT-Tag Data (1997) modeling of migrating salmon based on data from passive transponder (PIT) tags. Contractor technical contact: Kenneth A. Rose
Individual-Based Fish Modeling in the Mathematical Modeling Program at Humboldt State University by Roland Lamberson with Steve Railsback and Steve Jackson
NerkaSim by James Scandol et al. uses individual based models of the migration of salmon. See this snapshot of a simulation run.
Development of an Individual-Based Trout Instream Flow Model (1999) by Russell B. Rader and N. LeRoy Poff
Mammals
Gorilla Simulation work by Mark Scahill including this update and a draft paper called Modeling Mountain Gorillas from around 1995.
Spatially Explicit Population Dynamics and the Snowshoe Hare by Jason A. Thomas. See also his list of links on Spatially-Explicit Population Modelling and Spatial Ecology Modelling and Analysis Software.
Model of Animal Behavior (MOAB) a description of software for a spatially explicit, individual based model of animal movement and foraging behavior by Jacoby Carter and colleagues at the U.S. Geological Survey. See also this poster paper (with illustrations): MOAB: A Spatially-Explicit, Individual Based, Expert System for Creating Animal Foraging Models
PUMA software by Paul Beier was developed to predict the risk of extinction in cougar populations under various development scenarios. The model is individually-based but not spatially explicit
Deer Management Simulator by Ken Risenhoover (et al.?) is a spatially explicit modeling environment for evaluating deer management strategies. See also these summaries of related research at the same lab.
Aggregation and the Emergence of Social Behavior in Rat Pups Modeled by Simple Rules of Individual Behavior (1998) by Jeff Schank (see also) and Jeffrey Alberts models huddling in infant Norway rats.
Birds
The Weaver Project by Matt Hare, Alan Sibbald, and Alistair Law, is a spatially explicit, individual-based model of the red grouse in Scotland's heather moorland. It seeks to provide wildlife managers with advice on appropriate strategies to restore grouse populations.
Multiscale Dynamic Simulation for Ecological Modeling by Pedro Pereira Gonçalves and Maria Paula Antunes studies environmental spatial heterogeneity and the reactions of individual organisms. The system is integrated with a Geographical Information System package enabling the interactions of virtual objects with real data. Includes a model of flocking birds.
Channel Island bald eagle and peregrine falcon populations (1994?) by Gordie Swartzman
Development of a spatially-explicit, individual-based model to simulate Kirtland's Warbler population dynamics (1998) by Carol Bocetti et al. at USGS PWRC.
Insects
Multi-Agent Simulation of Honey Bee Colonies by David Sumpter uses a Swarm-based model to investigate colony activities (particularly thermoregulation) by simulating bee behavior.
Manta by Alexis Drogoul is an ethological simulation of ant colony behavior modeled at the level of individual ants. Several related papers are available online. See also this review of Manta by Howard Gutowitz.
The non-linear dynamics of survival and social facilitation in termites by Octavio Miramontes and Og DeSouza. Uses a "mobile cellular automata" (a mobile, spatially explicit individual-based model in discrete space) to simulate a colony of termites. See also Miramontes' Complexity and Social Behaviour.
An Individual Tree Based Model of Mountain Pine Beetle Invasion (1999) by Emily Stone
Carl Anderson uses agent-based models to study the organisation of workers and work in insect societies and related regulatory mechanisms, particularly task partitioning and self organization in ant and bee colonies. Some papers are avaialble at his older web site.
Forests
Scaling from Trees to Forests: Analysis of a Complex Simulation Model by Doug Deutschman, Simon Levin, Catherine Devine and Linda Buttel. (A very nicely produced multimedia presentation in Science Online.) Spatially explicit forest growth models using SORTIE, a stochastic individual-based simulation model of forest dynamics in which trees compete for light. (See also these SORTIE forest images.)
Arborgames by Melissa Savage and Manor Askenazi examines the role of forest fire on species diversity. Local interaction of trees in a neighborhood allows the model to generate complex landscape dynamics. Bruce Sawhill is collaborating on analysis of model results. Robert Bell is working on a application in Yellowstone.
SmartForest An interactive forest visualizer, by UIUC's Imaging Systems Laboratory, models forest management issues at the level of the individual trees. The software is available for download.
Marine Invertebrates
Ship Fouling by Yosef Cohen. A Java applet demonstrating the interaction of barnacles settling on the hull of a ship and limpets, used as a biological control, which can bulldoze away young barnacles.
A virtual mesocosm with artificial salps for exploring the conditions of swarm development in the pelagic tunicate Salpa fusiformis (1997) Philippe Laval in Marine Ecology Progress Series Volume 154
Arachnids
Mites IBM applet by Nils Kösters at the German Life Sciences Information service. Simulation of the life and times of a breeding population of mites. See also this other copy (?) and this 3D version.
Bacteria
BacSim, a simulator for individual-based modelling of bacterial colony growth (1998) by Jan-Ulrich Kreft, Ginger Booth and Julian Wimpenny. BacSim is based on Gecko, which is based in turn on Swarm
Non-species-specific models, and other topics
The Tragedy of the Commons Java applets and commentary by Walter Korman (from the now defunct weekly column Deep Magic). Based on Garrett Hardin's 1968 paper.
Parallel Software Tools for Ecological Simulation including the Java-based GUST which runs an interactive version of their Szymanski-Caraco cellular automata model. See their Guide to Related Research.
Ecomachines and Spatial Modeling in Ecology and Biology was a workshop held January 13-16, 1996 at the Santa Fe Institute.
Gecko, a spatial individual-based simulator for modeling ecosystem dynamics, by Oswald Schmitz and Ginger Booth.
ECOTOOLS uses individual-based models to study animal behavior and ecological issues. See descriptions of various ECOSIM reimplemented models: schooling, flocking, storks, dragonflies, crowns, largemouth bass, northern cod.
Theoretical Ecology of Spatial Heterogeneity: An IBM Approach ongoing work by Kim Cuddington on "...the effects of limited mobility and spatial structure or heterogeneity on the population dynamics and stability of communities." See also these resources on theoretical ecology.
Methods, Conceptions & Ideas on Ecological Modelling by Andrey Tsyplianovsky. This extensive site covers many aspects of ecological modeling and includes a comprehensive list of links on individual-based models.
Ten years of individual-based modelling in ecology: what have we learned, and what could we learn in the future? (1999) by Volker Grimm in a special issue of Ecological Modelling on Individual-based models.
Forager, from Amber Waves Software, simulates foraging (feeding behavior). Users can set up animal behavior models, graphically design the foraging environment and specify behavior rules.
Papers from the Third International Conference/Workshop on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modeling January 21-25, 1996, Santa Fe, New Mexico:
Individual-Based Models in Ecology: An Overview by Donald L. DeAngelis, D. M. Fleming, L. J. Gross, and W. F. Wolff,
Some Guidelines For Implementing Spatially Explicit, Individual-Based Ecological Models Within Location-Based Raster GIS. by Roger L. Slothower, Paul A. Schwarz, and Kevin M. Johnston
Spatial Modeling of Aquatic Habitat From a Fish's Perspective by John K. Horne, J. Michael Jech, and Stephen B. Brandt
From Individuals to Populations, papers from a 1998 International Workshop and Young Scientists School held in Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic:
On individual-based models for single-species population growth, predator-prey interaction and optimal foraging
Individual behaviour and population dynamics: a protocol for extracting population growth rates from individual-based models
An individual-based model of mite predator-prey populations: local dynamics
From individuals to population in parasitoid-host and predator-prey models
Biola: a new biological programming language for developing individual based models
Instructional Tools:
EcoBeaker by Eli Meir is an ecological simulation program, designed for use by students in the classroom.
The Virtual Forest by EcoLogik and BeakerWare
Individual-based ecological models: Spatial models for undergraduate investigation by Louis J. Gross
Modeling Humans (and Artificial Societies)
Human Crowds: motion and psychology
An Agent Based Simulation Environment for Public Order Management Training by Roderick Williams is a tool to help train training police officers to manage large public gatherings (crowds, demonstrations, marches). See also the page for the CACTUS (Command And Control Training and Planning Using Knowledge Based Simulation) system.
Legion by G. Keith Still is used to simulate the motion of large crowds of people. It can handle crowds of more than 100,000 people.
Animation Science Corporation sells tools to model the motion of large crowds with their Rampage software, based on an efficient engine for interacting particle systems.
EINSTein (Enhanced ISAAC Neural Simulation Toolkit), an artificial-life laboratory for exploring self-organized emergent behavior in land combat, by Andy Ilachinski of the (US) Center For Naval Analyses.
The Collective Action Project by Clark McPhail and John McCarthy, studies individual and collective actions of people in large temporary gatherings (crowds, mobs, demonstrations). See also A Computer Simulation of a Sociological Experiment (1995) by David Schweingruber based on the GATHERING simulation written by William T. Powers, based on Perception Control Theory.
An Agent-Based Model of Seating In A Theater a Java-based class project by Yale Wang. See also his version of Schelling's Segregation Model and the El Farol problem: how the appropriate number of people decide to show up for an event.
Modeling Audience Group Behavior by Nuria Oliver and Stephen Intille describes an agent based model (spatially explicit, discrete space, non-mobile) of synchronization and other decentralized collaborative behaviors of a group audience.
Anthropology
Swarm-based Modeling of Prehistoric Settlement Systems in Southwestern North America (1997) by Tim Kohler and Eric Carr, describes an agent-based simulation constructed with the Swarm system. See also this 1995 paper: Agent-Based Modeling of Anasazi Village Formation in the Northern American Southwest.
Computational Anthropology: The Simulation and Representation of Bio-Cultural Processes, a section of the American Anthropological Association.
The Cultural Transmission Project studies population structure, cultural transmission, and evolutionary theory. Some of its research involves individual-based models, such as the use of Swarm in Building Expectations for "Wasteful" Behavior among Human Populations.
Culture Group Meeting: Agent-Based Modeling of Small-Scale Societies report on summer 1998 meeting at SFI.
Artificial Societies
Sugarscape (and the book Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science From the Bottom Up) by Joshua M. Epstein and Robert Axtell. Describes experiments with an artificial society, a computer model consisting of a population of autonomous agents and a separate environment in which the agents live. See also this Discovery Online feature and this Science News article.
Artificial Societies and Psychological Agents (abstract, 1996) by Stuart Watt (see also the full paper in PDF format) towards the development of "psychological agents" better suited for interaction with humans.
Sociology
Simulation: a emergent perspective, text of a lecture advocating use of individual-based models in sociology and related fields, by Nigel Gilbert. See related material at The Computer Simulation of Societies site.
Agency and Interaction (PDF 171K) by Peter J. Burke considers the connection between macro-level group characteristics (social structure) and the micro-level interaction between individuals.
Interpersonal Communication
Coordinating Turn-Taking with Gaze by David G. Novick, Brian Hansen and Karen Ward. Uses an individual-based model to validate the proposed mechanism.
Formal Approaches to Innate and Learned Communication: Laying the Foundation for Language (1997) by Mike Oliphant. Identifies the conditions necessary to establish a system of communication in a population of individuals, whether through evolution or learning.
Emotion
New Fungus Eater Experiments by Thomas Wehrle describes a multi-agent framework for investigation of the psychology of emotion, based on a model proposed by Masanao Toda.
Emotional Intelligence in Multi-Agent Simulation (1998) by Eric Werk, on designing believable agents.
other topics
Theory in a Complex World: Computational Laboratories in Economic Geography by Catherine Dibble explores the gap between simulation experiments and a understanding of the underlying phenomena.
Spatially-Explicit Autonomous Agents for Modelling Recreation Use in Complex Wilderness Landscapes by Randy Gimblett, Bohdan Durnota and Bob Itami, uses autonomous agents to assist natural resource managers in assessing and managing dynamic recreation behavior, social interactions and resulting conflicts in wilderness settings. See also the Recreation Behavior Simulator (RBSim) which simulates the behavior of human recreators in high use natural environments.
Rational Actors Versus Adaptive Agents: Social Science Implications (1998) by Paul E. Johnson. A comparison of two research methods, "rational choice theory" and "agent-based modeling." Is agent-based modeling really different and is it really better? Johnson says the answers are "yes" and "sometimes"... Uses SWARM. (Figures are here.)
CORSIM is a microsimulation model of individual and family behavior through time. See the paper Dynamic Microsimulation and the CORSIM 3.0 Model (1993) by Steven B. Caldwell, and this list of current research projects.
The Uses of Sim Sidewalks an essay by Steven Johnson in FEED Magazine: "What happens when urban scholars sit down to play SimCity?"
Economics
Playing the game of life by Rita Koselka (an April 7, 1997 article from Forbes) covers individual-based models of the music CD business by the Emergent Solutions Group of PricewaterhouseCoopers, the stock market by W. Brian Arthur and John Holland, the Sugarscape model by Joshua Epstein and Robert Axtell, and Challenge from Thinking Tools.
Aspen, a microanalytic model to simulate the U.S. economy. Aspen uses economic agents to represent the various decision-making segments, and the microanalytic simulation process models each agent individually. See also this earlier press briefing.
Agent-Based Computational Economics (ACE) by Leigh Tesfatsion, a computational study of economies modeled as evolving decentralized systems of autonomous interacting agents. Which seeks to explain these global regularities in economic processes from the bottom up. See also How Economists Can Get Alife: Abbreviated Version
Agent based simulation of artificial electricity markets by Raimo P. Hämäläinen et al. models how customers respond to different price patterns for electrical power.
Artificial Life Simulation of the Textile/Apparel Marketplace: An Innovative Approach to Strategizing about Evolving Markets by Evelyn L. Brannon, Lenda Jo Anderson, R. Alan Donaldson, Thomas E. Marshall, Pamela V. Ulrich.
Economic Modeling of Global Innovation Diffusion, Diploma Thesis of Johannes Kottonau and Friedemann Buergel (aka Bürgel) uses an agent based simulation model called LEM 1.1 to visualize cultural, institutional, economic and legal key factors of spacio-temporal diffusion of new technologies (specifically Light Electric Vehicles (LEVs)).
Agent Based Simulation of the Hotelling Game by Michael Friedlander and David Sumpter a spatial variation on a model of the pricing of identical goods by the only two shops in a town.
Market Organisation by Gerard Weisbuch , Alan Kirman and Dorothea Herreiner, also available as SFI working paper 95-11-102.
Traffic and vehicle simulations
Hank is an interactive automotive driving simulation with an individual-based model of autonomous vehicle traffic and pedestrians. These provide the dynamic environment and allow authoring scenarios. By Jim Cremer, Joe Kearney and the Hank Team.
MITSIM A Microscopic Traffic Simulator for Evaluation of Dynamic Traffic Management Systems developed at MIT's Intelligent Transportation Systems lab by Qi Yang and Haris N. Koutsopoulos
Microsimulation of road traffic a very nice Java applet demonstrating a continuous "microscopic" model of traffic dynamics in several scenarios by Martin Treiber and Dirk Helbing. See also Discrete Force Model for Pedestrian Motion Java applets by Kai Bolay and Dirk Helbing.
Stop-and-Go Science (1999) by Peter Weiss in Science News Online. Survey article: "by better understanding traffic flow, researchers hope to keep down highway congestion."
Transportation Analysis and Simulation System at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. "TRANSIMS models a metropolitan region with a representation of the inhabitants, their activities, and the transportation infrastructure. TRANSIMS then simulates the movement of individuals across the transportation network, including their use of vehicles such as cars or buses, on a second-by-second basis."
Smartest Project (Simulation Modelling Applied to Road Transport European Scheme Tests) by Ken Fox. See also these lists of traffic micro-simulation links and abstracts.
The STEER Traffic Simulator (Signals/Traffic Emulator with Event-based Responsiveness) is a program intended to simulate traffic on an urban network, modeling up to tens of thousands of vehicles.
METROPOLIS 1.0 is a modular system for Dynamic Traffic Simulations: It is aimed towards on-line as well as off-line simulations of traffic flows in an urban context and for large networks.
SmartPath simulation and animation package for traffic studies. See also Smart AHS a specification, simulation and evaluation framework for modeling, control and evaluation of Automated Highway Systems (AHS). Both part of California's PATH (Partners for Advances Transit and Highways)
Demonstration of Traf-Netsim for Traffice Operations Management: Final Report (1991) by Joan D. Sulzberg and Michael J. Demetsky. A "microscopic level" simulation of cars, buses and pedestrians.
Elevator Demos an individual-based simlulation model of a set of elevators in a ten story building. Uses a Java applet graphical front-end and a MODSIM III back-end running on a remote server.
Animation and Interactive Multimedia
The boids model of coordinated group motion such as flocks, herds and schools by Craig Reynolds. See also these demos of other related steering behaviors.
Artificial Animals for Computer Animation: Biomechanics, Locomotion, Perception, and Behavior (Ph.D Dissertation, 1996) by Xiaoyuan Tu. A biologically plausible, physically based model of fish ethology at the individual level.
The Virtual Fishtank is an interactive museum exhibit developed (by The Computer Museum, MIT Media Lab, and NearLife Inc.) to introduce visitors to the phenomena of emergence and ideas from the sciences of complexity. See also these pages about The Virtual Fishtank at MIT and NearLife.
Related topics
Stochastic Spatial Models: A Hyper-Tutorial by Rick Durrett covers stochastic spatial models and their applications to biology.
Annotated list of links related to metapopulation biology, spatial population biology, landscape ecology by Dag Hjermann
Distributed Modular Spatial Ecosystem Modeling by Thomas Maxwell and Robert Costanza of the International Institute for Ecological Economics, and see the related Spatio-Temporal Modeling Page
WWW-Server for Ecological Modeling at the University of Kassel
A Multiple-Mechanism Developmental Model for Defining Self-Organizing Geometric Structures (1995) by Kurt Fleischer simulates the self-organization of structures in space at the level of individual "cells". See some images from this work.
MOSAIC: Simulation Modeling and Analysis of Cellular Interactions (warning, that is a traslation of the subtitle by a non-French-speaking American (me)).
Internet Ecologies Area at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
Multi-robot systems:
Many-Robot Systems a US Navy site with a collection of papers about systems involving multiple robots. Explores collective action, cooperation, communication and self-organization.
Intelligent Methods for Multi-Agent Environments (1997) by Cem Ünsal. Presentation on self-organization and cooperation in natural and robotic groups.
Self-Organization in Large Populations of Mobile Robots (1993) by Cem Ünsal. Describes the use of a homogeneous population of robots, an Army-ant swarm, for transportation of material.
The Ants: A Community of Microrobots and their social behavior
The Amorphous Computing group at MIT explores issues such as "How do we obtain coherent behavior from the cooperation of large numbers of unreliable parts that are interconnected in unknown, irregular, and time-varying ways?"
Co-ordination in Artificial Agent Societies Social Structures and Its Implications for Autonomous Problem-Solving Agents (1999) by Sascha Ossowski
Microsimulation links at CRESS Centre for Research on Simulation in the Social Sciences
Mirror Worlds: Or the Day Software Puts the Universe in a Shoebox...How It Will Happen and What It Will Mean (1991) by David Gelernter. See also this bio of Gelernter and this review of Mirror Worlds in CTHEORY.
Web-Based Simulation links by Paul Fishwick, and A Survey of Web-Based Simulation by Ernie Page
Offline resources
Books
Individual-Based Models and Approaches in Ecology: Populations, Communities and Ecosystems, by Donald L. Deangelis, Louis J. Gross (Editors), published in 1992 by Chapman and Hall.
The Complexity of Cooperation: Agent-Based Models of Competition and Collaboration by Robert Axelrod, published in 1997 by Princeton University Press. See also this online supplement.
Simulating Organizations: Computational Models of Institutions and Groups (1998) edited by Michael Prietula, Kathleen Carley and Les Gasser.
Turtles, Termites, and Traffic Jams Explorations in Massively Parallel Microworlds (1997) by Mitchel Resnick
How Hits Happen--Forecasting Predictability in a Chaotic Marketplace (1998) by Winslow Farrell, with foreword by Brian Arthur. Using agent-based models to simulate the consumers of pop culture. Find it at Amazon.com or ACSES.
Laboratories and Groups
Academic
Dynamic Landscape Simulation Modeling group of the Geographic Modeling Systems Laboratory at UIUC. See the page on Dynamic, Spatial, Ecological Modeling with links to spatially explicit models related to birds at Fort Hood, the desert tortoise, and a quasi-individual-based model of the sage grouse.
ECOTOOLS (and WESP) at the University of Oldenburg, develop tools to support the modeling and simulation of individual-oriented ecological models.
Wildlife Habitat Analysis Lab of the Department of Wildlife & Fisheries Sciences at Texas A&M University. See these Research Summaries.
Center for Computable Economics at University of California, Los Angeles. See for example Agent Based Simulations as a tool in Economics.
The Sony Computer Science Laboratory Paris has a research project on evolutionary linguistics which make use of indivudual-based models to study the emergence of language and meaning.
Project for the Simulation of Social Behaviour within the Italian National Research Council - Institute of Psychology. Within this program, formal models of interactions among intelligent autonomous agents have been developed and some computer simulation studies have been conducted.
Centre for Policy Modelling at Manchester Metropolitan University, especially the Special Interest Group on Agent Based Social Simulation.
Commercial
The Emergent Systems Group of PricewaterhouseCoopers uses multiple agent systems to model decision making and trends in various simulations of real world marketplaces. See Flight Simulators for Management (BusinessWeek 1998: "computer models may give execs previews of how decisions pan out") and Playing the game of life (Forbes 1997).
Thinking Tools uses Agent Based Adaptive Simulation technology to create the management equivalent of flight simulators to help train business decision-makers on a risk-free "practice field". An early project was TeleSim.
Journals
Journal of Artifical Societies and Social Simulation (JASSS)
Conferences
Past
Economic Simulation Conference Conference Proceedings February 9-10, 1996.
From Animals To Animats (SAB98) Fifth International Conference of the Society for Adaptive Behavior, University of Zurich, August 17-21 1998, Zurich, Switzerland.
Sixth International Conference on Artificial Life (Alife VI) June 27-29, 1998, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
Multi-Agent Systems and Agent-Based Simulation (MABS 98) one of the eight meetings (including Third International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems (ICMAS 98)) comprising Agents' World
First International Conference on Virtual Worlds, July 1-3, 1998, International Institute of Multimedia, Paris, France.
Local Interaction and Global Phenomena in Vegetation and Other Systems, April 19-23, 1999, Institute for Mathematics and its Applications, University of Minnesota
Future
Workshop on Traffic and Granular Flow '99, September 27-29, 1999, University of Stuttgart, Germany.
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